DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY AND HORMONAL IMBALANCE: PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Keywords:
diabetic nephropathy, hormonal imbalance, insulin, RAAS, cortisol, thyroid hormones, clinical significance.Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic kidney disease that develops against the background of diabetes mellitus and is one of the most common causes of chronic kidney failure worldwide. This article analyzes the complex pathophysiological relationship between DN and hormonal imbalance, its clinical manifestations, and therapeutic strategies. The study examines how insulin, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), cortisol, thyroid hormones, and other hormones influence the development of DN. Additionally, a table is provided demonstrating the correlation between DN stages and hormonal imbalance.
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