VENOUS ENCEPHALOPATHY: EARLY DIAGNOSIS (literature review)

Abstract

Venous encephalopathy (including acute cerebral sinus thrombosis syndrome, chronic forms of venous insufficiency, and venous collagenoses) is a significant cause of neurological impairment, potentially leading to parenchymal changes, cerebral edema, and hemorrhagic complications. Early diagnosis determines the outcome and enables timely initiation of anticoagulant or interventional therapy. This article discusses the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, laboratory and instrumental markers, and a practical diagnostic algorithm, focusing on the role of MRI/MRV, CT/CTV, SWI, and laboratory tests (D- dimer and thrombotic panels). Risk assessment schemes, an algorithm for action in emergency and elective situations, and recommendations for monitoring and selection of additional tests are proposed.