HYPERLIPIDEMIA-SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS WOULD IMPROVE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT AT EARLY DISEASE STAGES.

Abstract

Arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia are among the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors in the general population and are major contributors to the global burden of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological evidence indicates that their coexistence substantially increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including an approximately eightfold higher risk of ischemic stroke and an elevenfold increase in cardiovascular mortality. The implementation of fixed-dose combination therapies targeting blood pressure and lipid levels represents an effective population-based strategy for improving adherence and reducing overall cardiovascular risk in both primary and secondary prevention settings.Cardiometabolic diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus represent the most prevalent and modifiable risk factors contributing to cardiovascular disease development. Importantly, growing epidemiological evidence suggests that the clustering of these risk factors often begins in early adulthood. Abdominal obesity, characterized by excess visceral adipose tissue, has been recognized as a stronger predictor of cardiometabolic risk than general obesity. Visceral fat acts as an active endocrine and inflammatory organ, secreting adipokines, cytokines, and hormones that directly contribute to insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. In this context, C-peptide and insulin resistance markers have gained increasing attention as early indicators of metabolic dysfunction.