BREAST CANCER: EPIDEMIOLOGY, MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS, AND GENETIC BASIS (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Keywords:
breast cancer, BRCA1, BRCA2, next-generation sequencing (NGS), precision medicine, molecular diagnosticsAbstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent oncological diseases among women worldwide and is characterized by a complex interplay of epidemiological, biological, and genetic factors. This literature review analyzes the global and regional epidemiology of breast cancer, age-related patterns, molecular subtypes, and key genetic determinants associated with hereditary susceptibility. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in disease pathogenesis, clinical risk assessment, and therapeutic decision-making. Furthermore, the clinical utility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies in precision medicine is discussed, highlighting their applications in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment selection, and patient monitoring. The findings of this review underscore that the integration of population genomics and advanced molecular diagnostics into clinical practice has the potential to significantly reduce breast cancer–related morbidity and mortality.
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