SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF REFEREEING ACTIVITIES IN SPORTS: THE CASE OF HANDBALL
Keywords:
Handball refereeing, sports officiating, decision-making, cognitive load, fair play, sports ethics, referee training, performance analysis, sports governance, game managementAbstract
The role of referees in modern sports is increasingly becoming a subject of academic inquiry, as their activities directly influence the fairness, competitiveness, and integrity of games. In the specific context of handball, refereeing is a complex phenomenon that encompasses decision-making under pressure, application of codified rules, psychological resilience, and the management of interactions with players, coaches, and spectators. This article provides a comprehensive scientific analysis of refereeing activities in handball, aiming to elucidate the structural, methodological, and psychological dimensions that define the profession. The study emphasizes the significance of objective judgment, cognitive load management, and ethical responsibility in ensuring fair play, while also exploring how refereeing performance can be improved through technological support, professional training, and cross-national comparative studies. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on sports governance, highlighting the ways in which referees act as central agents of justice within the dynamics of contemporary competitive environments.
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