DENTINE HYPERSENSITIVITY: ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, AND MODERN TREATMENT APPROACHES

Abstract

Dentine hypersensitivity is a clinical condition characterized by an acute, short-term pain response to thermal, chemical, tactile, or osmotic stimuli, resulting from exposed dentin with open dentinal tubules. The prevalence of this condition in the population varies from 11.5% to 92%, depending on the research methods and diagnostic criteria, with a peak incidence in the 30-40 age group. The pathogenesis is primarily based on the hydrodynamic theory, which posits that external stimuli induce fluid movement within the dentinal tubules, activating mechanoreceptors and triggering a pain signal. Current therapeutic strategies target two primary mechanisms: nerve conduction blockade and obstruction of open dentinal tubules. This review systematizes data on the causes of hyperesthesia, examines key theories of pathogenesis, and presents an analysis of current treatment methods, including remineralizing therapy, desensitizers, laser technologies, and restorative techniques. Particular attention is paid to the evidence base for the effectiveness of various approaches.