Journal of Applied Science and Social Science
Article Submission Dates:- 2024-01-01 to 2024-01-25 Volume and Issue:- Volume 14 Issue 01 Current Impact Factor:- 2023: 6.537
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INDEPENDENT LEARNING IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IS THE BASIS OF PRACTICAL PREPARATION
This article discusses ways to increase the effectiveness of the practical education process, improve students practical training through independent learning, and teach them how to acquire knowledge independently. In particular, it addresses students awareness of the goals of their own learning activities, the implementation of specific pedagogical tasks, and other related issues.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IDEOLOGICAL ROLE OF THE PRESS AND PROPAGANDA TOOLS
This study is devoted to a historical-regional analysis of the ideological role of the press and propaganda tools in the territory of Uzbekistan during 1917–1938. With the establishment of Soviet power, the press became one of the main instruments for politically and ideologically reshaping society. Through newspapers and journals, leaflets, wall publications, and mass propaganda materials, Bolshevik ideology was introduced to broad segments of the population. The research reveals that the press functioned not only as a means of disseminating information but also as a mechanism for shaping political consciousness, rejecting traditional social values, and forming a new “socialist worldview.” The study also analyzes how issues related to the national question, religion, traditions, and culture were covered in local press publications and how they were reinterpreted according to the requirements of Soviet ideology. Particular attention is paid to the popularization of concepts such as “class enemy” and “enemy of the people” through the press and to the processes used to justify repressive policies. The results of the research provide a deeper understanding of the role of the press and propaganda tools in strengthening ideological control in Uzbek society and their long-term socio-political consequences.
Jalilov Ixtiyor Gʻaniyevich, Abdiyeva Shahnoza
ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКАЯ ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ СЕРОШКАЛЬНОГО УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, ДОППЛЕРОГРАФИИ И СИСТЕМЫ ACR TI-RADS В ОЦЕНКЕ УЗЛОВ ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ
Введение. Узловые образования щитовидной железы являются одной из наиболее частых находок в современной клинической эндокринологии и радиологии. Расширение использования ультразвуковой диагностики и программ скрининга привело к значительному увеличению частоты их выявления. Согласно эпидемиологическим данным, при ультразвуковом исследовании узлы щитовидной железы могут обнаруживаться у 60–70% взрослого населения [1,2]. Несмотря на то что большинство выявленных узлов имеют доброкачественный характер, примерно в 5–15% случаев выявляется злокачественный процесс, что требует точной стратификации риска и обоснованного отбора пациентов для инвазивных диагностических процедур [3,4].
ОСТРЫЙ АППЕНДИЦИТ У БОЛЬНЫХ ПОЖИЛОГО И СТАРЧЕСКОГО ВОЗРАСТА: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И ЛЕЧЕНИЯ
Актуальность исследования. Острый аппендицит (ОА) - самая распространенная острая патология органов брюшной полости, заболеваемость при которой остается на уровне 4 - 5 человек на 1000 населения. Послеоперационные осложнения после аппендэктомии варьируют от 5 до 9%, а летальность при данной патологии составляет 0,1–0,3%.
Файзиев Ё.Н., Абзалова М.Я., Файзиев О.Я.
ҚАЛҚОНСИМОН БЕЗ САРАТОНИ ДИАГНОСТИКАСИДА ЗАМОНАВИЙ ЁНДАШУВЛАР (АДАБИЁТЛАР ШАРҲИ)
Қалқонсимон без саратони (ҚБС) эндокрин безларнинг энг кенг тарқалган хавфли ўсмаси бўлиб, саратон касаллигининг умумий таркибида 1-1,5% ни ташкил қилади. Сўнгги йилларда қалқонсимон без саратони билан касалланишнинг барқарор ўсиши, айниқса ёш ва ўрта ёшдагилар орасида, скрининг дастурлари, шунингдек, ягона диагностика тактикасининг йўқлиги ушбу муаммони жаҳон онкологиясининг долзарб муаммолари қаторига киритади [6]. Адабиёт маълумотлари таҳлили шуни кўрсатадики, ҚБС диагностикаси бир қатор жиддий қийинчиликлар билан боғлиқ. Бир томондан, клиникагача бўлган босқичда ўсмани анъанавий усуллар билан аниқлаш кўпинча қийин, баъзи ҳолларда эса мумкин эмас. Бошқа томондан, қалқонсимон безнинг кенг тарқалган шаклларида ўсма жараёнининг ҳақиқий давомийлигини ва унинг бўйин атрофидаги аъзолар билан ўзаро муносабатини ҳар доим ҳам аниқ белгилаб бўлмайди [12].
Султанова Л.Р., Хатамова Д.Т., Султонова Н.С
COMMUNICATION TRADITIONS IN EDUCATIONAL CULTURE: FROM THE SOCRATIC METHOD TO DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
This article analyzes the concept of “communication” a fundamental cornerstone of educational culture, through the prism of the history of philosophy. It draws a comparative analysis between the Socratic method of antiquity, the etiquette of debate (munozara) found in the works of Eastern thinkers, and the contemporary digital learning environment. In our view, while digital tools have accelerated the transmission of knowledge, they have simultaneously complicated the process of 'intellectual birth' (maieutics) and independent thought within the student. The article outlines the socio-philosophical pathways for integrating traditional communication culture into digital platforms.
THE PLACE OF AMIR TEMUR'S HISTORICAL HERITAGE IN THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT
This article highlights the role of Amir Temur in the history of Uzbekistan and the world, as well as his efforts to improve the life of the people and the way of life of people in society. The political and social activities carried out by Amir Temur are discussed.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ОРУЖИЯ В ФОЛКЛЕНДСКОМ КОНФЛИКТЕ 1980-1982 ГГ
Целью статьи является изучение особенностей применение оружия в Фолклендском конфликте 1980-1982 гг., со стороны США, Великобритании и Аргентины. В этом году отмечается 44-я годовщина аннексии со стороны Великобритании над Аргентиной в Фолклендском конфликте. На протяжении своего существования Фолклендские острова являются предметом спора. Испания, Франция, Великобритания и Аргентина в какой-то момент претендовали на острова. С 1833 по 1842 год Фолклендские острова были британской колонией. В 1884 году они получили независимость и стали частью Аргентины. В апреле 1982 года конфликт между Аргентиной и Великобританией вспыхнул с новой силой. Великобритании в конечном итоге удалось аннексировать эти острова в июле 1982 года.
THE ROLE OF SPIRITUAL EDUCATION IN FORMING THE VIRTUES OF COMPASSION AND RESPECT FOR NATIONAL VALUES IN THE YOUTH OF NEW UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the role of spiritual education in fostering the virtues of compassion and respect for national values among the youth of New Uzbekistan. In the context of rapid globalization and social transformation, strengthening the moral and spiritual development of young people has become an important priority in the national education system. The study analyzes theoretical approaches to spiritual and moral education and highlights its importance in shaping socially responsible, culturally aware, and ethically mature individuals. Special attention is given to the influence of educational institutions, families, and social environments in cultivating compassion, empathy, and respect for national traditions and cultural heritage. The findings suggest that effective spiritual education contributes to the formation of a morally responsible generation capable of preserving national identity while actively participating in modern social development.
DETERMINANTS OF QUALITY OF LIFE AND TREATMENT SUSTAINABILITY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERITONEAL DIALYSIS: A STUDY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES
Chronic kidney disease represents a progressive and irreversible decline in renal function that affects millions of individuals worldwide and constitutes a major public health burden. As kidney function deteriorates to the stage defined as end-stage renal disease, patients require renal replacement therapy to survive. Traditionally, in-center hemodialysis has been the dominant modality; however, over the past decades, peritoneal dialysis has emerged as a viable and, in many cases, advantageous alternative. Peritoneal dialysis offers greater flexibility, home-based management, and increased autonomy, which may profoundly influence patients’ physical, psychological, and social well-being. Despite these potential advantages, the lived experience of individuals undergoing long-term peritoneal dialysis remains complex and multifaceted.
Jabborova Vasila Umarbek kizi, Soatov Mirojxon Yusupxon ugli
THE DISCOURSE OF "UNITY" AND ITS SEMANTIC LIMITS IN THE OFFICIAL SPEECHES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF TURKIC STATES
This article analyzes the formation of the discourse of “unity” in the official speeches of the Turkic States Organization (TSO) and its semantic boundaries. The research is conducted on the basis of discourse theory, and summit speeches, strategic documents and official declarations of the Turkic States Organization were studied as empirical material. In the process of research, the manifestation of the discourse of “unity” in historical, cultural and political-strategic semantic fields is determined. Also, this article analyzes the geopolitical, cultural and political boundaries of this discourse, as well as the balance between sovereignty and integration.
Sadikova Dilrabo Baxtiyor kizi, Gulimmatov Humoyun Javlonbek ugli, Voxobov Isroiljon Islomjon ugli
RECENT EFFECTIVE WORK TO ENSURING ROAD SAFETY IN UZBEKISTAN
The article analyzes the reforms implemented in Uzbekistan in recent years to ensure road safety, reduce road accidents, and use modern technologies and administrative measures. The results of state programs, digital technologies, legal norms, and public awareness campaigns in the field of road safety are considered.
Shukurov Nuritdin Rakhimovich,Kalauov Saidulla Aymakhanovich
ON THE APPLICATIONS OF REGULARLY VARYING FUNCTIONS IN THE THEORY OF BRANCHING PROCESSES
We consider a discrete-time Galton-Vatson branching process. Our main analytical tool is the slow variation (or more general, a regular variation)conception in the sense of Karamata. The slow variation property arises in many issues, but it usually remains rather hidden. Application of Karamata functions in the branching processes theory allows one to bypass severe constraints concerning existence of the higher-order moments of the infinitesimal characteristics of the process under study. In this work,delving deeply in the nature of the Karamata functions, we study more subtle properties of branching processes.
Ismatova Iroda Normo’min kizi, Erkin Tukhtaev
PEDAGOGICAL POSSIBILITIES OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has significantly influenced the transformation of modern education systems. This study examines the pedagogical possibilities of integrating artificial intelligence technologies into educational processes and analyzes their impact on teaching effectiveness and learning outcomes. The research highlights key areas where AI can enhance education, including personalized learning, intelligent tutoring systems, automated assessment, and learning analytics. The findings indicate that AI technologies enable the creation of adaptive learning environments that respond to individual students’ needs, learning pace, and cognitive abilities. Additionally, AI tools assist teachers by automating routine tasks such as grading and monitoring student progress, allowing educators to focus more on instructional and mentoring activities. Despite these advantages, the implementation of AI in education also raises challenges related to ethical considerations, data privacy, and digital inequality. The study concludes that artificial intelligence should be viewed as a supportive pedagogical tool that enhances, rather than replaces, the role of teachers in modern education systems.
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS DURING THE HEPHTALITE PERIOD
This article provides an analysis of sources on the diversity of religious beliefs in the territories covered during the Hephtalite period, which religion was dominant, why various religions were widespread, and the factors that influenced this.
EXISTENTIAL ISSUES AND THE HUMAN IMAGE IN FEINBERG’S WORK
The article examines existential issues and the image of the human being in Feinberg’s works. The study focuses on key motifs related to the comprehension of human existence, inner freedom, loneliness, responsibility, and the search for the meaning of life. Special attention is paid to the artistic techniques through which the author reveals the inner world of the individual, as well as spiritual crises and existential contradictions. It is demonstrated that the image of the human being in Feinberg’s works appears as a complex and multidimensional construct, reflecting the tense interaction between personality and reality. The article concludes that the existential approach is essential for understanding the ideological and artistic originality of Feinberg’s creative legacy.
Matlabkhonova Shakhzoda,Zulfia Davronova
THE FORMATION OF FEINBERG’S CREATIVE WORLDVIEW AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOURCES OF HIS ARTISTIC METHOD
This article is devoted to the study of the philosophical, literary, and artistic heritage of G. Feinberg, as well as the analysis of his concepts of creativity, thought, and artistic imagery. Key aspects of his scholarly and literary works are examined, including the relationship between creativity and intellectual activity, the role of memory and inner experience in the formation of artistic consciousness, and the methods of philosophical reflection on literature. Particular attention is given to the stylistic and conceptual features of Feinberg’s works, as well as their influence on contemporary literary and philosophical thought. Based on the analysis of his works, the main directions and patterns of his artistic-intellectual paradigm are identified, which allows for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of the creative process and the characteristics of perceiving artistic reality.
Matlabkhonova Shakhzoda, Zulfia Davronova
SOCIAL AND LINGUISTIC FUNCTIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL EUPHEMISMS IN EVERYDAY DISCOURSE
This article explores the phenomenon of occupational euphemisms in English and Uzbek, focusing on the social, cultural, and communicative functions of such linguistic practices. It examines how low-paid or labor-intensive professions are often linguistically “veiled” to preserve the dignity of workers and the social respect of their families. Drawing on examples from everyday discourse and comparative linguocultural analysis, the study highlights the role of euphemisms in maintaining conversational appropriateness, reflecting social hierarchies, and facilitating smoother interaction between speakers and listeners. The findings underscore the significance of occupational euphemisms as a mechanism for balancing social sensitivity with linguistic expression in diverse cultural contexts.
BETRAYAL AMONG FRIENDS: EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS
This article explores the phenomenon of betrayal among friends, analyzing its emotional, social, and psychological dimensions. It examines the forms and manifestations of betrayal, including breaches of trust, abandonment, and deceit, and highlights the profound emotional impact on individuals, such as grief, anger, and long-term mistrust. Drawing on psychological research, literary examples, and cultural reflections, the study emphasizes how betrayal disrupts interpersonal relationships and challenges foundational expectations of loyalty. The article also discusses pathways to healing and trust reconstruction, offering insights into the resilience and adaptive strategies individuals employ after betrayal. By integrating scholarly research with real-life narratives and English language expressions, the article provides a comprehensive examination of betrayal as a universal aspect of human relationships.
HUMAN FREEDOM AND THE PROBLEM OF RESPONSIBILITY: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
The problem of human freedom and responsibility has remained one of the central issues in philosophy from antiquity to the present day. This study examines the relationship between free will and moral responsibility within the frameworks of determinism, compatibilism, and existentialism. Using comparative philosophical analysis, the paper explores whether human beings can be considered morally responsible if their actions are determined by internal or external causes. The findings suggest that although strict determinism challenges traditional notions of responsibility, compatibilist and existentialist approaches provide coherent foundations for moral accountability. The study concludes that responsibility remains essential for ethical and social systems.
USAGE OF IMPERSONAL VERBS IN RUSSIAN TODAY
The article explores the issue of impersonal verbs, their syntactic role, and the ways of expressing impersonality; it also analyzes the general meanings of impersonal verbs. The article also examines the role of impersonal verbs in Russian literature of the 21st century, using the works of A. Ivanov as an example.
Yusupov Muratbek Raximovich, Umarova Farangisbonu Furkatjon kizi
WAYS TO ENSURE INVESTMENT SECURITY OF METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES: (IN PART OF TASHKENT REGION)
This article examines theoretical and practical aspects of ensuring investment security in metallurgical industry enterprises. It analyzes factors influencing investment stability in the context of regional industrial development, investment risk management mechanisms, financial monitoring systems, and ways to improve the investment climate. The capital-intensive nature of the metallurgical sector, the need for technological modernization, and global market fluctuations highlight the strategic importance of investment security. The study proposes recommendations for reducing investment risks and ensuring sustainable industrial development.
IMPROVING FINANCIAL SECURITY IN BUSINESS ENTITIES
This article examines the improvement of financial security in business entities under modern economic conditions. It analyzes internal and external factors affecting financial stability, the role of risk management systems, internal control, and auditing. Special attention is given to digital transformation and strategic management as key tools for strengthening financial security. The study concludes that an integrated approach, transparency, and the use of modern information technologies are essential for ensuring sustainable financial performance.
THE ECONOMIC ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF THE CONCEPT OF INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY
Investment efficiency is one of the key economic indicators that determines the effectiveness of capital allocation and its impact on economic development. The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic essence and content of the concept of investment efficiency and to examine the factors influencing its formation and evaluation. The research is based on theoretical analysis of classical and modern economic approaches to investment activity. The study highlights the importance of efficient investment in promoting economic growth, increasing productivity, and ensuring sustainable development. Particular attention is given to the role of technological innovation, institutional environment, and modern financial evaluation methods in improving investment efficiency. The results of the study indicate that effective investment management and rational allocation of financial resources are essential for achieving long-term economic stability and competitiveness.
THE ESSENCE AND SPECIFIC FEATURES OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
This article describes the essence of educational technologies, their place, and importance in the educational process. It also analyzes the main characteristics of modern educational technologies, their role in the effective organization of the teaching process, and their influence on the development of students’ knowledge, skills, and competencies. The study considers the issues of improving the effectiveness of the learning process, developing students’ independent thinking, and enhancing the quality of education through the use of educational technologies.
THE MAIN FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTUITION, PERCEPTION, IMAGINATION IN CHILDREN WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
This article describes the main factors in the development of intuition, cognition, imagination in children with visual impairments, social adaptation of learners and the development of their imagination through correctional training.
CHANGES IN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION AND TAX POLICY IN TURKESTAN DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF SOVIET POWER
This article examines the changes in the socio-economic situation and tax policy in Turkestan during the early years of Soviet power. The study analyzes the transformation of economic structures following the collapse of the Russian Empire and the establishment of Soviet governance in the region. Particular attention is given to the impact of War Communism, the requisitioning system, and the introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP) on agricultural production, taxation, and local economic relations. The research highlights how fiscal reforms, including the transition from compulsory requisitions to the tax in kind, contributed to the gradual stabilization of the regional economy. The findings demonstrate that these reforms played a crucial role in integrating Turkestan into the Soviet economic system.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MODALITY IN SOCIAL NETWORKING PLATFORMS
This study explores a research methodology for analyzing modality in social networking platforms and examines how modal expressions function in digital communication. Social media environments have created new forms of discourse where users frequently express attitudes, opinions, and levels of certainty through linguistic markers of modality. The research focuses on identifying modal verbs, modal adverbs, and hedging expressions used in online posts and comments. By applying discourse analysis and qualitative linguistic methods, the study investigates how modality contributes to expressing stance, evaluation, and interpersonal interaction in social networking communication. The findings indicate that modal expressions are widely used to convey uncertainty, obligation, and persuasion, while also interacting with digital features such as emojis and hashtags. The proposed methodological framework provides a useful approach for studying language variation and communicative practices in contemporary digital discourse.
Nurmatova Maxliyo Farxod qizi,Mustafoyeva Maftuna
WRITTEN SOURCES OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF CENTRAL ASIA IN THE ANCIENT AND EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIODS
This article analyzes sources and chronicles related to the history of the ancient and early medieval periods. Ancient documents and written sources concerning the history of the Uzbek people and the development of statehood are scattered across different parts of the world, and their exact number and content remain unknown. Today, one of the important tasks facing historians and specialists in source studies is to find, study, and introduce such written materials and manuscripts into scientific circulation. Written sources related to the history of Central Asia are also distinguished by the fact that many of them, compared with other historical sources, have not yet been sufficiently studied.
METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ORGANIZING READING LITERACY LESSONS IN PRIMARY GRADES BASED ON INTERACTIVE METHODS
The article investigates how primary school reading literacy lessons should be organized through their interactive teaching methods implementation. The study results show that primary students develop reading skills and critical thinking abilities and maintain their learning interest when interactive teaching methods are used with a verified teaching system.
ANALYSIS OF IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION OF COLOR IMAGES
In order for the vision system of the robot eye analyzer to recognize all colors like the human eye, robots must be so developed that they can fully identify all 14 colors like the human eye. It is necessary to create an array of sequences for comparing the desired color with other color images in the color database (DB), create recognition criteria, an algorithm and software.
Melikulova Sh.B., Tillaeva Sh.J., To’rabekov J.J.
This study adopts a library-based research methodology, relying on scholarly sources such as books, journals, and academic articles. It explores the concept of adab (good manners) in Islam and its close relationship with academic ethics, emphasizing their shared role in fostering a positive and productive learning environment. In Islamic teachings, adab refers to a set of moral and behavioral principles derived from the Qur’an and the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), guiding individuals to act with integrity, respect and discipline. Academic ethics similarly provide moral standards for behavior within educational settings. By understanding and practicing adab, students and educators can cultivate commendable character, enhance ethical conduct, and contribute to a harmonious academic community. This research underscores that the principles of adab are not merely cultural or social norms but are deeply rooted in Islamic guidance, highlighting their enduring importance in shaping both personal and educational development.
Xo’janazarova Fotimaxon Ma’ruf qizi, Xo’janazarova Zuhraxon Ma’ruf qizi
THE ROLE OF CREATIVE COMPETENCE IN THE PROCESS OF SOCIAL ADAPTATION OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
This article analyzes creative imagination as an important component of a student's creative competence and studies its impact on social relations in an inclusive group. The interrelationships of the components of creative competence are revealed, and the special role of creative imagination in it is justified.
DIFFERENCES IN THE REALIZATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMY AND REDUNDANCY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This article explores the interplay of economy and redundancy in English and Uzbek using a comparative-typological approach. Economy is realized through syntactic, lexical, phonetic, or morphological strategies, while redundancy ensures clarity, emphasizes meaning, and conveys social and emotional nuances. The study demonstrates that typological differences—analytic versus synthetic structures—affect how these principles are implemented, reflecting cognitive, pragmatic, and cultural aspects of communication.
This statement provides a comprehensive overview of the role, sources, and functions of international law in the contemporary global order. It defines international law as the normative framework governing relations between sovereign states and other international actors, emphasizing that its binding force derives primarily from state consent. The statement examines the principal sources of international law—treaties, customary international law, and general principles of law—and identifies the key actors within the system, including states, international organizations, and individuals. It surveys major branches such as international humanitarian law, human rights law, and the law of the sea, and addresses the distinctive decentralized nature of enforcement, which relies on reciprocity, reputation, and collective action rather than a centralized coercive authority. Ultimately, the statement argues that despite its unique challenges, international law provides the essential legal architecture for maintaining peace, protecting human dignity, facilitating cooperation, and ensuring predictability in international relations.
THE ROLE OF OUR NATIONAL VALUES IN THE UPBRINGING OF YOUTH
This article scientifically and theoretically analyzes the role and importance of national values in the upbringing of youth. In the process of globalization, the role of national values in strengthening the spiritual and moral education of the younger generation, forming their national identity, patriotism, and civic responsibility is revealed. In addition, the factors influencing the formation of national values, their impact on social development, and their role in protecting youth from various ideological threats are analyzed. The importance of the family, the mahalla, the education system, as well as religious and spiritual heritage in instilling national values in the minds of young people is highlighted. The article scientifically explains the role of education based on national values in ensuring social stability, the spiritual development of youth, and the progress of the state.
THEORIES OF TEACHING LEARNERS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS IN AN INCLUSIVE ENVIRONMENT
This article examines the theoretical foundations of inclusive education for learners with special educational needs. It emphasizes the importance of individualized and differentiated approaches in ensuring equal educational opportunities, as well as the role of inclusive education in learners’ social adaptation and personal development.
Xayrullayeva Nodira Nematulloyevna,Mukhidova Gulnoza Sayfiddinovna
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EUPHEMISM, METAPHOR AND HEDGING IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK DIPLOMATIC TEXTS
This study investigates the pragmatic significance of three key linguistic devices — euphemism, metaphor, and hedging — in English and Uzbek diplomatic texts. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of speech act theory, politeness theory, and euphemization studies, the analysis demonstrates that euphemisms, metaphors, and hedges operate not merely as stylistic choices but as purposeful strategic tools employed to soften unfavorable information, project neutrality, signal cooperative intent, and maintain face in inter-state communication. The study also reviews the contributions of Russian, Uzbek, Central Asian, and international scholars to the fields of euphemism and hedging research. The findings reveal that Uzbek diplomatic texts show a slight predominance of euphemistic strategies over metaphorical ones, reflecting a cultural preference for caution and politeness over emotional expression. This research makes an original contribution by conducting, for the first time, a systematic pragmatic analysis of these devices in English and Uzbek diplomatic texts at the level of a unified textual unit.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL GOALS BASED ON ICT ABSTRACT
The integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) into the educational process has become one of the key priorities in modern education systems. This study examines the implementation of modern educational goals through ICT-based teaching methods and multimedia technologies. The research analyzes the effectiveness of test-based assessment, step-by-step evaluation of learning outcomes, and the use of multimedia learning tools in improving the quality of education. Particular attention is given to the role of ICT in enhancing students’ engagement, knowledge acquisition, and interactive learning environments. The findings indicate that multimedia technologies and ICT-based instruction significantly improve students’ motivation, cognitive activity, and academic performance. The results also demonstrate that the use of multimedia learning resources contributes to the development of students’ analytical thinking, creativity, and independent learning skills.
Xolmurodova Dilnavo Dilshod kizi, Rasulova Marjona Ubaydullo kizi, Oltiboyeva Laziza Mirjamil kizi, Turdimuratov Bakhtiyor Kurbonovich
WAYS TO IMPROVE THE FUNCTIONING OF THE COMPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM IN HIGHER EDUCATION
This article examines the essence and importance of the compliance control system in higher education institutions, its role in preventing corruption, ensuring transparency and accountability. Existing challenges are analyzed, and organizational, legal, and institutional measures for improving compliance mechanisms are proposed. Special attention is given to digitalization, risk management, and the development of an anti-corruption culture in higher education institutions.
THE MECHANISM OF USING PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES TO DEVELOP THE MORAL VALUES OF FEMALE STUDENTS BASED ON THE SPIRITUAL HERITAGE OF TAMERLANE
This article provides information on the mechanisms of using pedagogical technologies in the development of moral values of female students based on the spiritual heritage of the Temurid queens.
METHОDОLОGY ОF IMРRОVING THE РRОFESSIОNАL TRАINING ОF STUDENTS IN THE SРHERE ОF SРОRTS АСTIVITY BАSED ОN MАSS SРОRTS EVENTS
This аrtiсle highlights issues оf imрrоving the рrоfessiоnаl trаining оf students mаjоring in sроrts асtivities bаsed оn mаss sроrts events. During the reseаrсh, the рedаgоgiсаl роtentiаl оf sроrts events, sраrtаkiаds, mini-tоurnаments, аnd mаss sроrts саmраigns in develорing students’ рrоfessiоnаl соmрetenсies wаs аnаlyzed.
TYPES OF CONVERGENCE OF RANDOM VARIABLES. CONVERGENCE OF DISTRIBUTIONS
In the course of mathematical analysis, various approximations of sequences of functions are considered: smooth approximation, approximation at almost all points, approximation by measure, mean square approximation, and other similar approximations. Similarly, in probability theory, sequences of random variables and, at the same time, various approximations of sequences of distribution functions are considered. These approximations serve as the basis for limit theorems in probability theory.
DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS OF FUTURE TEACHERS THROUGH INDIVIDUALLY-ORIENTED EDUCATION IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
This article discusses the issues of developing the pedagogical skills of future teachers in higher education institutions based on a person-centered approach to education. Person-centered education is important in that it is organized taking into account the individual capabilities, interests and needs of the student. The article analyzes the effectiveness of using modern pedagogical technologies and innovative methods in the formation of skills necessary for pedagogical activity, such as communication, creativity, reflective thinking, independent decision-making. It also highlights important aspects of supporting students' independent educational activities, introducing interactive methods and developing pedagogical competencies through practical exercises. The results of the study show that in a person-centered educational environment, the professional training of future teachers, pedagogical thinking and skills for effectively organizing the educational process are further developed.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STATE POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MASS SPORTS: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND UZBEK PRACTICE
The development of mass sports has become an important direction of state policy aimed at improving public health, increasing physical activity, and promoting a healthy lifestyle. This study analyzes the effectiveness of state policy in the development of mass sports by examining international experience and current practices in Uzbekistan. The research is based on a review of scientific literature and a comparative analysis of sports policies implemented in different countries. The results show that effective development of mass sports depends on accessible sports infrastructure, institutional coordination, and public participation. The study also highlights the recent reforms implemented in Uzbekistan to promote sports activities among the population. It concludes that integrating international best practices with national policies can significantly enhance the development of mass sports and improve social well-being.
STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM SECTOR IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN: REFORMS, DIGITALIZATION, AND SUSTAINABLE DIVERSIFICATION
This article examines the strategic development of the tourism sector in the Republic of Uzbekistan, highlighting institutional reforms, digital transformation, infrastructure modernization, and diversification of tourism products. Since 2016, tourism has been identified as a priority sector of the national economy, supported by comprehensive government programs and international integration efforts. The study analyzes key drivers of growth, including the country’s Silk Road heritage, pilgrimage tourism, and emerging niche segments such as agritourism and ecotourism. Special attention is given to digitalization under the “Digital Uzbekistan – 2030” strategy, post-pandemic recovery measures, and the challenges related to infrastructure, service quality, and regulatory alignment in the context of potential WTO accession. The article concludes that sustainable tourism development in Uzbekistan depends on innovation, community engagement, and institutional modernization.
THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL ZONES OF UZBEKISTAN IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIAL DIVERSIFICATION
This article examines the development and economic efficiency of special economic zones, small industrial zones, technoparks, and clusters operating in the Republic of Uzbekistan based on official statistical data. The study analyzes their role in increasing industrial production, attracting foreign and domestic investments, expanding export capacity, and creating new jobs during 2017–2026. A comprehensive and systematic statistical approach was applied using data from national authorities and analytical reports. The results demonstrate that these territorial economic structures serve as important instruments for industrial modernization, regional development, and production diversification. In particular, technoparks contribute to strengthening innovation activity and integrating science with production, while clusters improve value chain efficiency and competitiveness. In my personal opinion, the consistent expansion and qualitative improvement of these economic mechanisms will significantly enhance Uzbekistan’s long-term sustainable growth and strengthen its position in global markets.
REGIONAL CLUSTERS AND THEIR IMPACT ON EXPORT POTENTIAL
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the formation and development of regional clusters and their impact on export potential based on empirical data from 2024–2025.
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF IDEAS IN INCOME GENERATION IN A COUNTRY’S INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
This article analyzes innovative ideas, which form the foundation of the modern economy, and examines their strategic role in all sectors of the economy as well as in overall income generation. The study provides recommendations on mechanisms for reducing production costs and increasing product competitiveness through the implementation of innovations.
SYSTEM OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES AND METHODOLOGY FOR THEIR ANALYSIS
This article comprehensively analyzes the system of internal and external factors influencing the sustainable development of industrial enterprises. The interrelationship between economic, technological, institutional, and social factors affecting the development of industrial enterprises is examined from a scientific perspective. In addition, modern analytical methodologies used in assessing enterprise development and making strategic decisions—such as SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, system analysis, regression analysis, and comprehensive evaluation methods—are discussed. Based on the research results, scientific and practical recommendations for increasing the competitiveness of industrial enterprises are proposed.
THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Digital technologies have become one of the most important drivers of economic transformation in the modern global economy. Their rapid diffusion has significantly influenced regional development by improving productivity, stimulating innovation, and reshaping the structure of local economies. This article analyzes the impact of digital technologies on regional economic growth, focusing on how digital infrastructure, technological innovation, and human capital contribute to economic modernization. The study also examines the challenges associated with digital transformation, including the digital divide, regional inequality, and structural changes in labor markets. Based on the analysis of recent empirical studies and international experience, the research highlights that the successful integration of digital technologies into regional economies requires supportive institutional frameworks, investment in digital infrastructure, and the development of digital skills. The findings indicate that while digital technologies offer significant opportunities for sustainable and inclusive growth, their benefits depend largely on the ability of regions to build strong innovation ecosystems and effective governance mechanisms.
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE REGIONAL SERVICE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT: INTEGRATING HUMAN CAPITAL, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS
The development of the regional service sector is increasingly recognized as a critical driver of economic growth, innovation, and competitiveness in modern economies. Effective regional strategies must integrate human capital development, infrastructure investment, entrepreneurship support, and place-based institutional frameworks to achieve sustainable service sector growth. This article synthesizes evidence from global and regional studies, highlighting the role of education, vocational training, digital infrastructure, and smart specialization in fostering service-oriented economies. The analysis emphasizes the importance of leveraging regional comparative advantages, facilitating public-private partnerships, and integrating service sector development with broader industrial and digital policies. The study concludes that high-quality service sector development requires adaptive, evidence-based strategies that balance local capabilities with global economic and technological trends.
“RELIGION AND HUMANITY: THE ROLE OF FAITH IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT.”
This article examines the multifaceted role of religion in the development of human societies, emphasizing its influence on moral principles, social cohesion, cultural identity, and community welfare. It explores how religious beliefs and practices have historically contributed to shaping ethical norms, guiding personal behavior, and establishing frameworks for social order. The study highlights the enduring relevance of faith in contemporary societies, demonstrating how religion continues to inspire moral responsibility, collective solidarity, and cultural continuity. Furthermore, it discusses the ways in which religious institutions and teachings foster education, charity, and social participation, emphasizing the integral connection between faith and the sustainable development of societies. Through a comprehensive analysis of historical, cultural, and social perspectives, this research provides a detailed understanding of how religion functions as both a spiritual guide and a key social agent.
Chariyev Nuriddin Khushbokovich,Izzatova Risolat Bahriddin qizi
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL LITERATURE AND PATENTS ON LOADING ZONES, DANGEROUS SECTIONS, AND TECHNICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE UZ-Y ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE BOGIE FRAME
In this article, based on the analysis of scientific and technical literature and patents, the issue of improving technical diagnostic methods for the bogie frame of the UZ-Y electric locomotive is highlighted. Analysis showed that four main approaches have been formed in the assessment of the supporting structures of locomotives and other railway vehicles: determination of the stress-strain state by the finite element method, taking into account the spectrum of operational loads, testing the model with bench and field tests, and assessing hazardous areas according to fatigue strength and residual resource criteria. Patent materials show the active development of practical solutions, such as structural reinforcement, strain gauging, non-destructive testing, and fatigue testing stands. At the same time, it was revealed that in the considered open sources, the issues of systematic identification of load zones for the UZ-Y electric locomotive bogie frame, mapping of hazardous sections, and the development of a comprehensive diagnostic methodology focused on these sections are insufficiently covered. Based on this, an integrated diagnostic approach for the UZ-Y electric locomotive, combining computational modeling, targeted strain gauging, and non-destructive testing, was substantiated as a promising direction. [6]
Adilov Nodir Botir ugli ,Toshtemirov Humoyun SHokir ugli
OPTIMIZING LOADING AND RECOVERY PROCESSES IN ATHLETICS TRAINING
Optimizing training load and recovery processes is essential for improving athletic performance and maintaining long-term athlete health. Modern athletics training requires a balanced approach in which training intensity, volume, and recovery periods are carefully planned. This study examines scientific approaches to managing training load and recovery strategies in athletics. Special attention is given to monitoring internal and external training loads, including physiological responses, perceived exertion, and the use of modern technologies such as wearable monitoring systems. The results indicate that effective load management and appropriate recovery strategies contribute to improved performance, reduced injury risk, and better physiological adaptation. These findings provide practical guidance for coaches and sports scientists in designing efficient athletics training programs.
FORMATION OF COMPETENCIES FOR CARRYING OUT PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES IN RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES
The professional activity of a teacher of Russian and foreign languages ​​at the present stage requires the formation of competencies for carrying out professional activities in Russian and foreign languages, depending on cultural, linguistic factors, features of the linguistic picture of the world Professional training of future teachers of Russian and foreign languages ​​is impossible without them mastering a high level of interethnic and interpersonal relations, respect for the languages ​​and traditions of representatives of other cultures.
STRESS AND THE HEART: EFFECTS AND THE ROLE OF ADRENALINE AND CORTISOL
This scientific article provides an in-depth analysis of the complex relationship between stress and cardiovascular health. Stress is a physiological and psychological response of the human body to internal and external stressors (psychological or physical), which activates the sympathoadrenal system and increases the levels of stress hormones — adrenaline and cortisol. During stress, heart rate accelerates, blood pressure and metabolism change, directly affecting the cardiovascular system. Prolonged chronic stress can lead to inflammatory changes in arterial walls, hypertension, arrhythmias, and ischemic heart disease. Stress management, meditation, breathing exercises, and a healthy lifestyle are important preventive measures for maintaining cardiovascular health.
Ruzmatova Khiloloy Qobilovna,Ibragimov Sherzodbek Bahromjon o‘g‘li
DIDACTIC APPROACHES TO LOGICAL PROBLEM SOLVING IN MATHEMATICS
This article analyzes methods for solving logical problems in mathematics, their role in developing students' thinking, and ways of fostering logical thinking through modern pedagogical technologies. Additionally, it examines practical methods aimed at encouraging students' independent thinking and enhancing their problem-solving skills. Keywords: mathematics, logical thinking, problem-based learning, problem-solving, innovative method, reasoning, cognition, IQ level.
INDIVIDUALIZING INDEPENDENT LEARNING WITH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.
The article explores the relevance and potential of applying artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in modern education, emphasizing their role in enhancing the individualization of independent learning. It provides a scientific analysis of AI-based systems capable of assessing students’ knowledge, identifying learning needs, and generating personalized educational pathways aimed at improving learning efficiency. Furthermore, the paper discusses the pedagogical and practical significance of AI tools in adaptive learning environments, highlighting the ways digital platforms and interactive technologies facilitate a more individualized and student-centered approach to education.
THEORETICAL BASIS OF STATE FINANCIAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ITS ROLE IN ENSURING ECONOMIC STABILITY
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of state financial resources management and their role in ensuring economic stability. The study scientifically studies the sources of formation of state financial resources, mechanisms for their management and their effective use. Also, the impact of the use of state financial resources through fiscal policy instruments on economic development is analyzed. The article, based on the scientific views of foreign and domestic economists, covers the theoretical aspects of the state financial management system and substantiates the importance of the state financial resources management process in ensuring economic stability. According to the results of the study, it was determined that effective management of state financial resources serves to improve state budget policy, strengthen the financial control system, and stimulate economic growth and ensure macroeconomic stability through rational management of state debt. The article also develops scientifically based conclusions and practical recommendations on improving the state financial resources management system based on international experience.
ISSUES OF DEVELOPING THE INTELLECTUAL SERVICES MARKET IN OUR COUNTRY
This article explores the theoretical foundations of the intellectual services market, its economic essence, formation processes, and development characteristics. It provides a detailed examination of the role of the intellectual services market in global experience, the reforms being implemented in this field in Uzbekistan, existing challenges, and their solutions. The significance of intellectual services in the economy, their importance in innovative development, and the processes of integration with modern technologies are scientifically substantiated. Additionally, the article presents proposals and recommendations for further development of the intellectual services market. Keywords: intellectual services market, innovation, knowledge economy, creative industries, intellectual property, consulting, technopark, startup, venture capital, modern market services.
DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS IN ENGLISH THROUGH MODERN TECHNOLOGIES
This scientific article examines the importance of speaking skills in English language learning and analyzes the role of modern technologies in improving these skills. Digital learning tools, mobile applications, online communication platforms, and artificial intelligence-based systems are widely used in modern education. These technologies help students develop their oral communication abilities and increase their motivation to learn foreign languages. The article also discusses how technological innovations create new opportunities for students to practice speaking skills and interact in real communication environments
SAFETY OF SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGAL THERAPY: ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT
This article examines the safety profile of systemic antifungal therapy with a focus on the risk of hearing impairment. Systemic antifungal agents, including amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins, are essential for treating invasive fungal infections but may induce ototoxicity in certain patients. The study reviews clinical trials, observational studies, and pharmacovigilance reports to assess the incidence, severity, and reversibility of auditory adverse effects. Patient-related risk factors, pharmacological mechanisms, and monitoring strategies are discussed to improve safety and minimize irreversible hearing loss. Recommendations for baseline audiometry, therapeutic drug monitoring, dose adjustment, and avoidance of concomitant ototoxic medications are provided to enhance clinical outcomes.
TEXTUELLE UND STILISTISCHE MERKMALE USBEKISCH-DEUTSCHER ÜBERSETZUNGSTEXTE
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die textuellen und stilistischen Merkmale von usbekisch-deutschen Übersetzungstexten. Ziel ist es, die strukturellen, semantischen und pragmatischen Eigenschaften dieser Übersetzungen zu analysieren und die Herausforderungen bei der Übertragung kultureller und sprachlicher Besonderheiten zu identifizieren. Die Untersuchung stützt sich auf qualitative Analysen ausgewählter literarischer und nicht-literarischer Übersetzungstexte, die systematisch hinsichtlich Satzstruktur, Wortwahl, Idiomatik und stilistischer Besonderheiten verglichen werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Übersetzungen oft durch Anpassungen in Syntax, Lexik und Textkohärenz geprägt sind, um die Zielkultur und das deutsche Sprachsystem adäquat widerzuspiegeln. Empfehlungen für Übersetzungsstrategien und stilistische Optimierungen werden ebenfalls diskutiert.
LINGUOCULTURAL EXPRESSION OF NATIONAL MENTALITY IN GERMAN PROVERBS
This article analyzes the linguocultural expression of national mentality in German proverbs. The results of the study show that concepts such as order, diligence, and responsibility are important elements of the German mentality.
DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING THROUGH DIGITAL STORYTELLING IN EFL CLASSES
The development of critical thinking skills has become a fundamental objective of modern education, particularly in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. As digital technologies continue to transform learning environments, innovative pedagogical approaches such as digital storytelling have gained increasing attention. Digital storytelling integrates multimedia tools with narrative techniques, enabling students to create meaningful stories while engaging in analytical and reflective thinking. This article examines how digital storytelling can foster critical thinking skills among EFL learners. It explores theoretical foundations, pedagogical benefits, classroom implementation strategies, and potential challenges. The paper argues that digital storytelling provides an interactive and student-centered approach that enhances language development and higher-order thinking skills.
TEACHING THROUGH PROVERBS: THEIR EFFECT ON CHILDREN’S EXPRESSIVE AND RECEPTIVE LANGUAGE SKILLS
This study investigates the efficacy of using proverbs as a pedagogical tool to enhance expressive and receptive language skills in early childhood education. While proverbs are recognized as carriers of cultural and moral knowledge, their specific linguistic benefits in a classroom setting remain underexplored. A quasi-experimental design was implemented with 60 children aged 5-6 years from two urban primary schools. The intervention group participated in a six-week program of proverb-based activities, including storytelling, interpretation, and dramatization, while the control group followed the standard curriculum. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured receptive vocabulary (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) and expressive language skills (Formulated Sentences subtest of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals). Results indicated that the intervention group demonstrated statistically significant gains in both receptive and expressive measures compared to the control group. Qualitative observations further suggested that the experimental group developed a greater awareness of figurative language and narrative structure. The findings suggest that integrating proverbs into early childhood curricula can be a valuable strategy for fostering nuanced language development, encouraging deeper semantic processing and more sophisticated syntactic construction.
EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF TEACHING LITERARY TEXTS IN DEVELOPING READING LITERACY: FACTORS SHAPING PATRIOTISM IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
This article analyzes the educational importance of teaching literary texts in the process of developing reading literacy and its role in fostering patriotism in primary education. In the context of an intensifying global information flow, nurturing a sense of national identity, patriotism, preservation of historical memory, and strengthening moral immunity are considered essential objectives of education. Literary texts serve as a powerful educational tool that shapes the learner’s worldview, instilling qualities such as love for the homeland, responsibility, dedication, unity, and diligence through imagery and artistic expression. The article presents strategies for developing reading literacy through literary texts based on interactive methods, competency-based approaches, and national values. The research outcomes contribute to increasing the effectiveness of patriotic education in primary schools and to forming morally mature, socially responsible individuals.
THE INTERRELATION OF EDUCATION AND UPBRINGING PROCESSES AND THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This article examines the interrelation between the processes of education and upbringing and their pedagogical significance in the modern educational system. Education and upbringing are considered as closely interconnected processes that play an important role in the formation of a well-rounded personality. The article analyzes the theoretical foundations of education and upbringing, as well as their role in shaping students’ moral, intellectual, and social development. Special attention is given to the importance of integrating educational and upbringing activities in the learning process to ensure the effective development of students’ competencies and personal qualities.
THE EFFECT OF LOW-INTENSITY LIGHT-LASER THERAPY ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH SKIN VASCULITIS AND EXUDATIVE PSORIASIS
The treatment of patients with autoimmune dermatoses is a pressing issue due to their widespread prevalence and severe course. Non-drug therapies are being increasingly developed, as medications are not always effective and their use is often associated with various side effects and complications, some of which can be severe. Laser therapy is one such treatment (Fig. 1).
THE ROLE OF THE TAX SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
The tax system serves as a cornerstone of economic development by ensuring the formation of state budget revenues and regulating economic activity. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, significant reforms have been implemented to modernize the tax system, enhance fiscal efficiency, and improve the investment climate. This article examines the structure, functions, and fiscal significance of the Uzbek tax system, focusing on recent reforms, the digitalization of tax administration, and measures to support entrepreneurship. The study highlights the importance of continued modernization for economic growth, transparency, and sustainable development.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STATE ADMINISTRATION IN NIZOMULMULK'S "SIYOSATNOMA"
This article analyzes the principles of state governance based on Nizam-ul-Mulk's "Siyosatnama". The work identifies justice, consultation, centralization, and dialogue with the people as the main principles of state governance, and reveals their role in the experience of medieval Islamic state governance. The article aims to study Nizam-ul-Mulk's political thought and theory of governance.
EXISTENTIAL THINKING AND HUMAN ONTOLOGICAL QUEST IN THE POETRY OF ALEXANDER FAYNBERG
This article analyzes the issue of existential thinking and the ontological quest of a human being in the poetry of Alexander Faynberg. During the research, the artistic interpretation of human existence, the meaning of life, and the philosophy of loneliness in the poet’s lyrics is examined. In addition, the reflections of the lyrical hero on existence, the process of human self-awareness, and spiritual quests in Faynberg’s poems are analyzed from a philosophical perspective. Based on the theory of existentialism, the article reveals the artistic expression of human existence and the meaning of life in the poet’s poetics. The research substantiates that Faynberg’s poetry represents one of the important artistic expressions of existential thinking in modern Uzbek literature.
This article discusses the historical development and contemporary significance of pottery art within the context of ancient Uzbek applied arts. Issues related to applied decorative arts and the artistic processing of pottery items are highlighted.
INTERPRETATION OF GENDER AS A SOCIO-CULTURAL CONSTRUCT AND ITS MANIFESTATION IN SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE
This article analyses the theoretical interpretation of the concept of gender in contemporary humanities and its social and linguistic dimensions. Unlike biological sex, gender is presented as a socio-cultural construct, understood as a system of norms, stereotypes, and roles established by society. The study examines the mechanisms through which gender develops during socialisation, its intrinsic connection with sociolinguistic competence, and its influence on verbal behaviour across various social contexts. Furthermore, the paper explores the components of the gender concept as proposed by Pushkareva, Goffman’s theory of ritual interaction, and the empirical research of Mulac and colleagues, illustrating the manifestation of gender in communicative practices. The article argues that gender differences are not biologically determined but socially and culturally conditioned. Consequently, it concludes that a comprehensive study of gender, integrating social, cultural, psychological, and linguistic factors, is essential for a thorough scientific understanding of this phenomenon.
THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN LEARNING ENGLISH
In modern language education, the primary objective is not only to teach grammatical structures and vocabulary but also to develop students’ ability to communicate effectively. Communicative competence plays a crucial role in English language learning because it enables learners to use language appropriately in real-life situations. Students with well-developed communicative competence can express their ideas clearly, understand others, and participate actively in meaningful conversations. The purpose of this article is to examine the importance of communicative competence in English learning and to identify effective methods that support the development of communication skills in the classroom.
THE ROLE OF SPORTS TRAINING IN THE ATHLETES SELECTION SYSTEM
This article highlights the fact that the selection and selection of talented young people in the field of physical education and sports has become one of the current issues of our time and the important aspects of their physical and mental preparation.
OVERCOMING COMMUNICATIVE ANXIETY IN SPEAKING CLASSES: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL STRATEGIES
The inability to speak correctly because of communicative anxiety in speaking classes serves as an ongoing obstacle which prevents EFL and ESL students from learning languages effectively. The research study investigates speaking anxiety through its psychological foundations and it presents evidence-based teaching methods which instructors can use to decrease student fear while developing authentic communication skills. The research results show that teacher-centered support combined with learner autonomy development and task design based on psychological principles can effectively reduce communicative anxiety.
Isobiddinova Mohinur Sherzod qizi, Xoldarova Marjona Shuxrat qizi, Rustamova Shahlo Ibrohim qizi, Bahodirova Sabrina Qahramon qiziToshpo’latova Aziza Sherzod qizi
PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING CULTURAL REALIA IN LITERARY TRANSLATION (BASED ON ENGLISH-UZBEK LANGUAGES)
The article investigates the difficulties that arise when translators attempt to convert cultural realia from English into Uzbek for use in literary works. The study uses descriptive-analytical methods that analyze existing literature together with theoretical frameworks of translation techniques. The research identifies key difficulties translators encounter when dealing with culturally-bound lexical units and analyzes various approaches to their rendition which include transcription and transliteration and calque and descriptive translation and functional analogy. The findings suggest that the choice of translation strategy depends on the function of realia in the source text, the target audience's background knowledge, and the overall purpose of translation.
RECONSTRUCTION PLANS OF JIZZAKH CITY DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE (1991–2021)
This article discusses the reconstruction works carried out in the city of Jizzakh during the years of independence. It highlights the necessity of adapting the old city to modern requirements and emphasizes that creating convenience for the population has been the main criterion in the construction and development of Jizzakh city.
IMPROVEMENT OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT METHODS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
This article examines current traffic management issues in the Republic of Uzbekistan and proposes modern methods for their improvement. It analyzes the causes of road accidents, the condition of road infrastructure, and the effectiveness of existing road safety measures. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of intelligent transport systems, improved traffic regulation, and improved road user awareness. Recommendations for improving transport policy and enhancing the effectiveness of traffic management are developed.
NEW APPROACH TO SYNTACTIC RELATIONS IN LINGUISTICS
This paper is dedicated to introduce new approach to syntactic relations in sentences. The main attention is paid to 7 kinds of relations in linguistics and it is stressed that these relations can be approved with all languages.
CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE CAPITAL OF UZBEKISTAN
This article examines climate change in the capital of Uzbekistan in the context of global warming worldwide and in Central Asia. Currently, climate change has become the most vulnerable aspect of nature and society. An analysis of the causes of climate change globally, in Uzbekistan, and in the capital, Tashkent, is provided. The article also examines the impact of climate change and the potential influx of climate migrants in all countries, including Uzbekistan, as well as the devastating impact of extreme heat on public health and the economy.
PECULIARITIES OF PROPERTY TAXATION IN UZBEKISTAN
This study examines the peculiarities of property taxation in Uzbekistan under the 2026 legal framework. It analyzes the structure, valuation methods, rate differentiation, administrative procedures, and socio-economic implications of property taxes for both natural and legal persons. Emphasis is placed on the statutory minimum cadastral valuation, progressive and differentiated rates, digitalized reporting systems, and targeted incentives for investment and social welfare.
Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli,Nazarmamatov Nurzod
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF TAXES IN THE FORMATION OF STATE BUDGET REVENUES
This article scientifically analyzes the role and importance of taxes in the formation of state budget revenues. The study examines the fiscal policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the legal framework of the tax system, and the share of tax revenues in the state budget using economic and statistical analysis methods. In addition, the relationship between tax revenues and macroeconomic indicators is analyzed, and the strategic importance of taxes in forming the financial resources of the state is substantiated. The results of the study show that taxes are the main source of state budget revenues, and improving the tax system plays an important role in ensuring financial stability and sustainable economic development.
Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli,Usmonova Sabina Adkham kizi
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN ORGANIZING PLAY ACTIVITIES FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
in the context of introducing foreign standards, it is essential to create conditions for the development and growth of play. These conditions are numerous, but the most important is adults' ability and love for play. In other words, if adults know how to and love to play, and play with a child, they have every chance of creating a program that ensures psychological comfort for each child throughout the day.
Inobat Tulkinovna Nurbayeva, Dilnoza Bakhtiyer Kuchkarova
TRANSLATION CHALLENGES OF INTERTEXTUAL ELEMENTS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This article examines the translation challenges of intertextual elements between English and Uzbek, focusing on the linguistic, cultural, and pragmatic factors that complicate the transfer of implicit textual references from one language into another. Intertextuality is understood as the presence of references to other texts, cultural phenomena, historical events, literary works, and precedent expressions that form part of the collective knowledge shared by members of a linguistic community. When such elements appear in English texts, their translation into Uzbek often becomes problematic due to differences in cultural background, literary tradition, and structural features of the two languages. The study analyzes the main types of intertextual elements, including allusions, idioms, proverbs, precedent names, biblical and mythological references, as well as culturally marked expressions. Special attention is given to the typological contrast between English as an analytic language and Uzbek as an agglutinative language, which influences the choice of translation strategies. The paper identifies the most frequent translation difficulties such as the absence of direct equivalents, loss of pragmatic meaning, cultural untranslatability, and stylistic distortion. The research also discusses the main strategies used to render intertextual elements in translation, including equivalence, adaptation, explicitation, substitution, and descriptive translation. The analysis shows that successful translation of intertextuality requires not only linguistic competence but also deep knowledge of both source and target cultures. The results of the study may be useful for translators, linguists, and researchers working in the field of comparative linguistics, translation studies, and intercultural communication.
THE PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING EXCISE TAX AND TRANSFERRING IT TO THE STATE BUDGET IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the procedure for calculating excise tax and transferring it to the state budget in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study is based on the current Tax Code, existing legislative documents, and official statistical data. The research examines the economic nature of excise tax, its calculation mechanism, and its fiscal significance within the national tax system. Particular attention is paid to taxpayers, taxable objects, the tax base, and the determination of excise tax rates.
EFFECTIVE WAYS OF INSTILLING ETHNOCULTURAL VALUES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITHIN THE INTEGRATED EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This article covers the theoretical and practical methods of instilling ethnocultural values in preschool children during integrated education, as well as the analysis of pedagogical approaches that contribute to the formation of children's national consciousness, folk customs, and culture, and the methods of instilling ethnocultural education through practical lessons focused on values.
ABDULLA AVLONIY – A FIGURE WHO ELEVATED THE FUTURE OF THE NATION
This article highlights the pedagogical views of Abdulla Avloniy, his activities aimed at elevating the future of the nation, and the modern significance of his enlightenment movement. The article plays an important role in helping the younger generation understand the life and creative heritage of Avloniy.
DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS: DIDACTIC POSSIBILITIES OF CHATBOTS AND INTERACTIVE AI PLATFORMS
The article investigates how artificial intelligence tools which include chatbots and interactive AI platforms can promote language acquisition through their instructional capabilities. The research synthesizes findings from Uzbek, Russian, and international scholarly sources to evaluate the pedagogical effectiveness of AI technologies in language education. The study results demonstrate that chatbots and interactive AI platforms provide educational benefits through their capacity to deliver endless practice sessions and real-time feedback together with personalized learning routes, but these educational tools have certain limitations which need to be addressed before they can be used in teaching.
Ziyayeva Muhayyo Usmonjonovna, Soliyeva Madina Eminjon kizi, Muhammadiyeva Ruxshona Adxamjon kizi, Toshmurodova Durdona Alixon kizi, Nurullayeva Sevinchbegim Hayrullayevna, Madaminova Mohinabonu Ma'rufjon kizi
THE ROLE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESSES IN THE ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the development of modern economies by promoting employment, innovation, and inclusive growth. This article examines the economic significance of SMEs in the global economy and analyzes their role in the development of emerging markets with a particular focus on Uzbekistan. The study highlights the structural importance of SMEs in job creation, regional development, technological innovation, and sustainable economic transformation. Using statistical data and analytical methods, the paper explores the contribution of SMEs to GDP, employment, and sectoral diversification in Uzbekistan. In addition, it discusses major challenges faced by SMEs, including limited access to finance, technological barriers, and institutional constraints. The research concludes that strengthening digital transformation, financial inclusion, and innovation capacity is essential for enhancing SME competitiveness and ensuring sustainable economic growth in developing economies.
SKIN INFECTIONS: TYPES, CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT APPROACHES.
Skin infections are among the most common health problems affecting people of all ages worldwide. They occur when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites invade the skin and multiply, leading to inflammation and various clinical symptoms. The purpose of this study is to analyze the major types of skin infections, their causes, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment methods. The research uses analytical and comparative methods based on scientific literature and clinical reports.
CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTIC CHANGES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
This article presents a comprehensive corpus-based investigation of syntactic changes in contemporary English across multiple registers and varieties. Drawing on data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the British National Corpus, the Corpus of Global Web-Based English, and specialized corpora of digital communication spanning 1990-2024, the study identifies significant transformations in clausal structure, word order patterns, and grammatical relations. The analysis reveals accelerated change in informal registers, particularly digital communication, with evidence of spreading influence on formal written norms. Key findings include increased use of verbless fragments, right-dislocation patterns, and innovative complementation structures. The study demonstrates that English syntax is more dynamic than traditionally assumed, with implications for syntactic theory, language pedagogy, and natural language processing.
Mamanazarova Gulxayo Ilxamjanovna,Zaripov Feruz Husan o’g’li
CORPUS USED AS A DATA-DRIVEN LEARNING TOOL IN L2 ACADEMIC WRITING
In this research, I will discuss the ways of corpora, including both corpora and DDL (Data - Driven Learning) have been used for research and practice in academic writing. Corpora are collections of language from authentic sources, such as newspapers, magazines or academic texts. This is useful for language learning because they show how language is used in addition variety options for words and phrases. Below are discussions and research gaps to consider as well as other options.
ARCHAEOLOGY OF LANGUAGE: PHONOSEMANTIC FOUNDATIONS AND THE UNIVERSAL WATER CODE
This article examines the theoretical foundations of the “Archaeology of Language” concept within the framework of the Odam Tili (Human Language) theory developed by Dr. Mahmudjon Kuchkarov. The study explores the phonosemantic nature of linguistic signs and proposes that language structures emerged not as arbitrary conventions but as systemic reflections of human interaction with the physical environment. Particular attention is devoted to the universal phonosemantic code OMAIN / AMIN / OMIN, interpreted as an ancient signal connected with the biological necessity of water. By analyzing the triadic structure SIGN–PHONE–SENSE, the article demonstrates how visual forms, acoustic patterns, and minimal meanings interact in language formation. The research integrates findings from phonosemantics, anthropology, cognitive science, and acoustics to explain how early human survival mechanisms could influence the formation of linguistic signals. The article also discusses cross-linguistic sound symbolism, the U-root hypothesis for water terminology, and the neurological relationship between manual actions and speech production. The results indicate that phonosemantic patterns related to container geometry, vocal articulation, and biological needs may represent deep structural layers of linguistic evolution. These findings provide a new perspective on the relationship between language, cognition, and environmental experience and suggest implications for linguistics, artificial intelligence, and educational theory.
Mahmudjon Kuchkarov,Mavlonbek Kuchkarov,Muhayyo Sobirjonova
INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
The integration of digital technologies into the educational process expands the horizons not only of linguistic training, but also of mastering highly specialized subject content. This determines the high demand for these tools in the formation of foreign language audiovisual competence among students studying in various profiles.
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF USING MODERN DIGITAL DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES IN DESIGNING WOMEN’S JACKETS
This article highlights the role and importance of using modern digital design technologies in the process of designing women’s jackets. In addition, the advantages of computer programs, 3D modeling, and automated design systems in creating clothing designs are analyzed. It is shown that the use of digital technologies accelerates the process of creating garment construction, increases the level of accuracy, and improves production efficiency.
INTERNATIONAL INNOVATION PROJECTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
Our research provides an in-depth analysis of the content of international innovative projects implemented in the higher education system, their impact on the quality of education, scientific potential and institutional development. Issues of assessing the effectiveness of international grants, academic mobility programs, joint educational projects and new educational models being formed on the basis of digital innovations are covered. In the course of the research, we analyze reports of international organizations, including UNESCO, OECD and the World Bank, as well as scientific sources published within the framework of such European Union programs as Erasmus+ and Horizon. In the article, we tried to substantiate the indicators used to determine the effectiveness of innovative projects, assessment mechanisms and the possibilities of their adaptation to the higher education system of Uzbekistan.
B.Sanakulova,Abdurakhimov Iskandar Nodirjon ugli
TECHNOLOGIES FOR USING INTERACTIVE METHODS IN ORGANIZING FINE ART LESSONS IN THE SYSTEM OF CONTINUOUS EDUCATION
This article analyzes the role of modern interactive methods and innovative pedagogical technologies in improving the effectiveness of fine art lessons in the continuous education system. During the research, the practical importance of methods such as "Case study", "Brainstorming", "Project method" and "Cluster" in the development of students' creative abilities is highlighted. Also, methodical bases of forming students' aesthetic worldview through visual activities and the use of information technologies in the educational process were developed. At the end of the article, scientific and practical recommendations are given on bringing the interaction between teacher and student to a new level in the organization of fine art lessons.
THE PRESCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN, 1991-2025
The preschool education system in Uzbekistan has undergone significant transformation since the country gained independence in 1991. This study analyzes the development of preschool education between 1991 and 2025, focusing on institutional reforms, policy changes, and the expansion of educational access. The research examines major stages of development, including the decline in preschool coverage during the early transition period and the rapid reforms implemented after 2017. Special attention is given to the modernization of curricula, the introduction of public–private partnerships, and the improvement of infrastructure and teacher training. The findings show that recent reforms have significantly increased preschool enrollment and improved educational quality, although challenges such as regional disparities and teacher shortages remain.
MAIN DIRECTIONS AND STAGES OF SOUTH KOREA’S FOREIGN POLICY IN CENTRAL ASIA
This section examines the strategic objectives and chronological development of South Korea’s foreign policy in Central Asia. It highlights the country’s main directions, including diplomatic engagement, economic cooperation, and cultural outreach, and analyzes the stages of policy evolution from the early post-Soviet engagement (1992–2000), through mid-term expansion (2000–2010), to contemporary strategies emphasizing soft power (2010–present). The study identifies key actors, including government institutions, cultural organizations, and private sector partners, and assesses the roles of diplomacy, trade, and multilateral initiatives in advancing South Korea’s interests. Case examples from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan illustrate how strategic engagement has enhanced bilateral relations, regional collaboration, and South Korea’s influence in Central Asia.
DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING IN STUDENTS
This paper examines the development of critical thinking in students at higher education institutions. The relevance of this topic stems from modern society's demands for training specialists capable of independently analyzing information, evaluating different points of view, and making informed decisions. The study explores the essence of critical thinking and analyzes pedagogical approaches and methods for its development in the educational process. Particular attention is paid to active learning methods, such as discussion, problem-based learning, case studies, and project-based activities. The role of the teacher in organizing the educational process aimed at developing students' analytical and reflective abilities is examined. It is concluded that the development of critical thinking contributes to the development of independence, improving the quality of education, and preparing future specialists for professional work.
STUDY OF THE CONCEPT OF INTERTEXTUALITY IN MODERN LINGUISTICS
This study explores the concept of intertextuality in modern linguistics, focusing on its theoretical development, practical applications, and relevance in contemporary discourse. The research examines how intertextuality functions as a key mechanism in meaning-making across digital, political, and social communication. By analyzing recent scholarly works, the study highlights the role of intertextuality in shaping identity, ideology, and communicative strategies. It also considers methodological advancements, including corpus-based and multimodal approaches, which enhance the analysis of intertextual relations. The findings demonstrate that intertextuality is essential for understanding complex discourse structures in the modern digital environment.
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD-ASSISTED MINIMUM QUANTITY LUBRICATION (MQL) ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND TOOL WEAR IN TURNING OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the application of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technology enhanced by a magnetic field in the machining of aluminum alloys. The research compares conventional MQL with magnetic field-assisted MQL under experimental conditions to evaluate their effects on the cutting process. The results indicate that the application of a magnetic field improves the penetration capability of lubricant particles into the cutting zone, reduces friction, and decreases heat generation. Consequently, surface roughness is reduced, and the tool life is significantly extended. The findings of this study have important scientific and practical implications for modern manufacturing industries.
WHY TEACHERS SHOULD INTRODUCE WORLD ENGLISHES IN THE ENGLISH CLASSROOM?
The spread of English around the world has resulted in the formation of distinct English variations in different cultural and linguistic environments. This issue, known as World Englishes, draws attention to the diversity of English and contradicts the conventional notion that British or American English should be the sole models in language teaching. However, in spite of the global diversity, English language classrooms are still dominated by native-speaker models, which may not equip learners adequately for international communication. This article will explore the significance of incorporating the idea of World Englishes in English language teaching. The knowledge of various Englishes can be very helpful for the learners in improving their communication skills, adding to their cultural knowledge, and boosting their confidence in speaking English as a global language. This paper will also illustrate how teachers can incorporate the idea of World Englishes in their teaching. This paper argues that the integration of World Englishes in language learning can be more successful in equipping learners for communication in a multilingual and multicultural world. By recognizing the validity of different Englishes, teachers can help learners to have a more realistic idea of English as a global language.
COGNITIVE MECHANISMS AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSING
Cognitive mechanisms are the symbolic regulator in understanding folk culture, and vocabulary is the emotional expression of culture. It is important to reveal and evaluate the semantics of a sentence through a category expressing various manifestations of the attitude of thought to reality, to analyze and compare texts.
THE ROLE OF UZBEKISTAN IN SOVIET INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (1946-1990 ON THE EXAMPLE OF AGRICULTURE)
This article examines the role of Uzbekistan in Soviet international relations between 1946 and 1990 through the lens of agricultural development, particularly cotton production. It analyzes how centralized planning transformed Uzbekistan into a key supplier of raw materials, contributing to the Soviet Union’s economic self-sufficiency and global trade strategy. The study highlights the economic, political, and environmental implications of agricultural specialization, including the Aral Sea crisis and systemic inefficiencies. Based on recent scholarly literature, the research provides a critical assessment of Uzbekistan’s position within the Soviet system and its broader significance in shaping Soviet international economic relations.
SEMANTIZATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ELECTRONIC AND CORPUS-BASED EXPLANATORY DICTIONARIES
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical foundations of the semantization process in electronic and corpus-based explanatory dictionaries, which represent one of the key directions in modern lexicography. In particular, the role of lexical-semantic networks, automatic seme extraction, clustering algorithms, and semantic tagging systems in dictionary compilation is elucidated. The advantages of identifying word meanings based on corpus linguistics are also highlighted.
THE IMPORTANCE OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN LEARNING THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Learning the English language is a complex and multifaceted process that involves more than memorizing vocabulary or understanding grammar rules. At the core of effective language acquisition lie cognitive processes such as attention, memory, perception, thinking, and problem-solving. These mental functions enable learners to process new information, retain linguistic patterns, and apply knowledge in real communication. This article explores the role of cognitive processes in learning English and explains how they influence comprehension, speaking ability, and long-term language proficiency.
Nortoyeva Gulshoda Shorustam qizi,Yuldosheva Vazira Ziloliddin qizi
METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRECTIONAL WORK WITH AGGRESSIVE ADOLESCENTS
Adolescent aggression is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that poses significant challenges to psychological, educational, and social systems. This study examines modern methods of psychological correctional work aimed at reducing aggressive behavior in adolescents. The research is based on a comprehensive analysis of contemporary theoretical frameworks and empirical findings, focusing on cognitive-behavioral therapy, emotional regulation training, and family-based interventions such as parent management training. The results indicate that integrative approaches are more effective than single-method interventions, as they address both individual psychological processes and environmental factors influencing behavior. Special attention is given to the role of emotional dysregulation, maladaptive cognitive patterns, and family dynamics in the development and maintenance of aggression. The findings also highlight the importance of social context, including peer interactions and school environment, in shaping behavioral outcomes. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for personalized and culturally sensitive intervention strategies, as well as the growing potential of technology-assisted therapeutic methods. Overall, the research contributes to the development of evidence-based frameworks for psychological correctional work and provides practical implications for improving intervention effectiveness and long-term behavioral outcomes among aggressive adolescents.
COMBINED USE OF LOW – INTENSITY LASER THERAPY AND DIS DERM CREAM FOR IMMUNOGLOBULINS – A, M, G IN PATIENTS WITH POLIMORPHO – DERMAL SKIN ANGIITIS
Objective: To study the therapeutic mechanism of laser therapy and Dis Derm cream on immunological parameters (IgA, IgM, IgG) in patients with polymorpho-dermal skin angiitis.Materials and Methods: The study included 25 patients (17 men and 8 women) aged 19 to 45 years. Immunoglobulin levels were determined by the radial immunodiffusion method. Patients received 12 to 14 daily sessions of laser therapy combined with the topical application of Dis Derm cream twice a day.Results: Before treatment, the initial levels of IgA, IgM, and IgG were elevated in all patients. After 8-10 procedures, cessation of pain, regression of hemorrhagic rashes, and epithelialization of erosions and ulcers were observed. Following the comprehensive treatment, immunoglobulin levels decreased significantly: IgA to 1.88±0.03 g/l, IgM to 1.19±0.07 g/l, and IgG to 11.12±0.26 g/l.Conclusion: The combined use of laser therapy and Dis Derm cream is recommended for patients with polymorpho-dermal skin angiitis accompanied by severe pain, erosions, ulcers, and immune system alterations.
METHODOLOGY OF USING SIMULATION-BASED EDUCATION TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIVE DIDACTIC TOOLS
This article analyzes the methodology of using simulation-based education technologies and innovative didactic tools. The methodology aims to develop students’ practical skills, enhance professional competencies, and improve independent decision-making abilities. The research results indicate that interactive and simulation-based approaches are more effective than traditional methods and significantly improve the quality of professional training.
SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS OF THE INFINITIVE IN THE ARTISTIC DISCOURSE OF A. P. CHEKHOV
The article explores the functional potential of the infinitive within the context of A. P. Chekhov's idiostyle. Based on the author's drama and short prose, the role of the indefinite form of the verb is analyzed as a tool for creating psychological subtext (the "undercurrent"). The paper classifies the main types of infinitive constructions and identifies their modal meanings and pragmatic effects. Particular attention is paid to the infinitive's capacity for semantic compression and philosophical generalization, which correlates with Chekhov's principle of brevity.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: THE SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF THE BODY
Pathophysiology, as the scientific analysis of functional disorders of the body, plays a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms underlying disease processes. This study explores contemporary perspectives on functional disorders, emphasizing their complex and multifactorial nature. Recent advances in neuroscience, systems biology, and molecular medicine reveal that many disorders arise from dysregulation of interconnected physiological systems rather than structural abnormalities alone. The paper highlights the importance of the biopsychosocial model, predictive processing theories, and network-based approaches in explaining disease mechanisms. Furthermore, challenges related to diagnosis, lack of reliable biomarkers, and gaps in clinical implementation are discussed. The findings underscore the need for integrative, interdisciplinary, and personalized approaches to improve diagnosis, treatment, and healthcare outcomes in modern medicine.
MEDICAL ENGLISH IN PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION
Medical English plays a crucial role in ensuring effective professional communication within the global healthcare system. As medicine becomes increasingly internationalized, healthcare professionals must possess not only clinical expertise but also strong linguistic competence in English. This thesis explores the importance of Medical English in professional settings, focusing on its role in doctor–patient interaction, interdisciplinary collaboration, and access to scientific knowledge. The study also highlights the challenges faced by non-native English-speaking professionals and suggests strategies for improving communication skills through targeted education and training.
EFFECTIVE USE OF MULTIMEDIA TOOLS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This article analyzes the significance and methods of effectively using multimedia tools in the educational process. Multimedia tools audio, video, animation, and graphic images help make lessons more understandable and engaging. The article highlights the methodological aspects of improving students’ learning effectiveness, ensuring deeper understanding of topics, and encouraging student engagement through the use of interactive teaching methods.
THE STUDY OF THE PROBLEM OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE IN CENTRAL ASIA'S MEDIEVAL SCIENCE IN HISTORICAL STUDIES
This article analyzes the historiographical study of the problem of empirical knowledge in medieval Central Asian science. The research examines the interpretation of scientific methods used by scholars such as Al-Biruni, Avicenna, and Ulugh Beg—specifically the principles of observation, experimentation, measurement, and practical verification—within modern History of Science literature. The author reveals methodological differences between local and international schools of historiography, as well as the role of the concept of empirical knowledge in the contexts of national identity and intellectual history. The findings indicate that in contemporary research, Central Asian scientific heritage is being evaluated not merely as a cultural achievement but as a precise scientific infrastructure and methodological system.
LINGUISTIC-STYLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH A PARENTHESIC INSERTED COMPONENT IN SPEECH
The article examines the linguistic-stylistic features of complex sentences with a parenthetical inserted component (CSPIC) as a linguostyleme in speech. The study attempts to identify and analyze these constructions through a systematic linguostylistic approach. The analysis demonstrates that the parenthetical component of CSPIC can function as a carrier of various syntactic stylistic devices, including polysyndeton, asyndeton, chiasmus, antithesis, irony, gradation, and hyperbole. In discourse, these devices are predominantly employed in different sentences or texts as linguostylemes representing the “assessive complementive.”
TEST RESULTS OF THE IMPROVED 5DP-130 MODEL GIN IN PRODUCTION
A grate with an improved design was developed to effectively clean fibers produced from high- and low-ginning cotton varieties during ginning, thereby enhancing fiber quality. The manufactured grate was installed on a 5DP-130 gin at the Uychi Cotton Cleaning Plant of “Uchkurgan Textile” LLC, improving the gin, and comparative tests were conducted with a 5DP-130 gin equipped with the existing grate design using Namangan-77 cotton varieties I and III. In the tests, in the 5DP-130 gin equipped with the proposed grate, the mass fraction of defective fibers and impurities in fibers cleaned during ginning of I and III varieties averaged 3.14% and 3.95%, respectively, which was reduced by 0.13% (abs.) and 0.24% (abs.) compared to the fibers cleaned by the gin with the existing grate. During fiber cleaning, the fiber content in the waste decreased on average from 2.3% to 2.7% (abs.), and the cleaning efficiency increased by an average of 3.7% (abs.) and 4.2% (abs.) compared to the existing gin. After ginning, when fibers were further cleaned using a 1VPU fiber cleaner, the mass fraction of defective fibers and impurities in the cleaned fibers averaged 2.0% and 2.96%, respectively, which showed an improvement of 0.14% (abs.) and 0.18% (abs.) in quality compared to fibers produced using a 1VPU cleaner after the gin with the existing grate. According to the O’zDst 632:2010 state standard, varieties I and III corresponded to the “Excellent” class. The results of the study showed that improving the 5DP-130 gin with a new grate design leads to enhanced fiber quality during ginning, a reduction in waste fiber content, and an overall increase in cleaning efficiency of the roller gin.
PROBLEMS IN TEACHING VOCABULARY TO MEDICAL LEARNERS: A RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE.
This article investigates the challenges faced in teaching vocabulary to medical learners. Medical students encounter difficulties due to the complexity, volume, and contextual use of specialized terminology. The study highlights the main problems, including pronunciation difficulties, cognitive overload, lack of authentic materials, and insufficient integration of vocabulary in clinical practice. Strategies such as root analysis, context-based learning, and active student engagement are recommended. The article aims to provide insights for educators seeking effective methods to enhance vocabulary acquisition in medical education.
THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY ASSURANCE AND COMPETENCY-BASED APPROACH IN THE JAPANESE EDUCATION SYSTEM
This article analyzes the factors of sustainable development of the Japanese education system. The study examines the concept of quality education from the perspective of improving the professional skills of teachers (Lesson Study) and the coherence of state standards. Also, the practical effectiveness of the "Ikiru Chikara" concept aimed at developing 21st century skills and its integration with higher education and the labor market are covered based on scientific and statistical data.
Alimova Kunduz Oybek kizi,Jumanov Ogabek, Maksudova Charos
THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF NAVOI REGION DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE HISTORIOGRAPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF REGIONAL YOUTH POLICY
This article analyzes the study of the history of Navoi Region during the years of independence, as well as the historical formation of state youth policy, its theoretical and methodological foundations, and its reflection in historiography. It substantiates that, in the context of globalization, digital transformation, and structural changes in the labor market, ensuring social protection for young people, promoting their employment, and realizing their entrepreneurial potential have become urgent scholarly and practical issues. The study classifies and examines the relevant literature into three groups: first, academic works devoted to youth policy at the national level in Uzbekistan; second, sources on the modern history of Navoi Region and its territorial development; and third, studies by CIS and foreign scholars, as well as reports by international organizations. Using the example of Navoi Region, the article demonstrates the necessity of interpreting youth policy as a historical process, a system of social institutions, and a factor of regional development.
Toshpo‘latov Mamadali Zayniddin o‘g‘li, Toshpulatov Mamadali
TREATMENT OF CRITICAL ISCHEMIA OF THE LEGS
a severe pathological condition that develops as a result of acute arterial circulatory disorders , which is associated with a high risk of amputation and disability. This disease often develops against the background of atherosclerosis and is manifested in patients by pain at rest, trophic ulcers and gangrene. The aim of the study is to assess the clinical effectiveness of modern conservative, endovascular and surgical methods in the treatment of critical lower limb ischemia. During the study, a comprehensive treatment approach was used in patients diagnosed with critical ischemia, and the results of treatment were analyzed. The results obtained showed that revascularization methods, in particular endovascular interventions (angioplasty and stenting) and surgical bypass operations, are highly effective in restoring blood flow. Also, complex treatment in combination with drug therapy helps to reduce pain syndrome, accelerate the healing of trophic ulcers and reduce the risk of amputation. This approach is an effective and promising direction in the treatment of critical lower limb ischemia .
PRIORITY DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE IN REGIONS
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of developing transport service infrastructure in regions. Transport infrastructure is one of the key factors of economic development, playing an important role in strengthening economic integration between regions, increasing production efficiency, and ensuring population mobility. The study highlights the economic significance of transport service infrastructure, the factors influencing its development, and the priority directions for improving the transport system under regional development conditions. In addition, issues such as stimulating regional economic growth, improving logistics efficiency, and enhancing the quality of transport services through the development of transport infrastructure are examined.
The modernization of higher education increasingly depends on digital transformation processes that improve administrative efficiency, data management, and institutional decision-making. This article examines how digital technologies, artificial intelligence, and integrated information systems enhance the efficiency of educational services. Particular attention is given to the experience of Uzbekistan, where the rapid expansion of higher education institutions and digital initiatives has created both opportunities and challenges. The study analyzes trends in enrollment growth, digital infrastructure adoption, and institutional transformation in higher education.
THE ADOPTION OF THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET IN 1940 AND THE PROBLEMS OF UZBEK SCRIPT
This article examines the political, social, and linguistic consequences of the adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet for the Uzbek language in 1940. It analyzes the historical circumstances in which the transition from the Latin-based script to the Cyrillic-based alphabet was introduced and explores the difficulties that emerged in Uzbek orthography, phonetics, literacy instruction, and the broader development of the national language. Particular attention is paid to the incompatibility between the phonological structure of Uzbek and the graphic principles of Cyrillic script, especially in the representation of vowels, specific consonants, and native sound patterns. The article argues that the 1940 alphabet reform was not merely a technical change in writing, but a political and cultural intervention that affected linguistic identity, educational practice, and the continuity of the national literary tradition [1], [2].
STRENGTHENING THE ATMOSPHERE OF INTERETHNIC HARMONY IN UZBEKISTAN AND DEVELOPING FRIENDLY RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES (2017–2025)
This article analyzes the main directions of the state policy implemented in Uzbekistan during 2017–2025 to strengthen the atmosphere of interethnic harmony and to develop friendly relations with foreign countries. The study highlights the normative legal documents adopted in this field, institutional changes, the activities of national cultural centers and friendship societies, as well as practical mechanisms aimed at reinforcing tolerance, civic solidarity, and people’s diplomacy. Particular attention is given to the scientific significance of the formation, beginning in 2017, of a unified system for interethnic relations and ties with compatriots abroad, the approval in 2019 of the state policy concept in this sphere, and the determination in 2025 of measures intended to elevate nationwide harmony to a new stage. The article also assesses the role of this policy in strengthening social stability, national unity, international cultural relations, and the positive international image of Uzbekistan.
REFORMISM IN TURKESTAN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY: EDUCATION AND NATIONAL ISSUES
The article analyzes the role of the reform movement that emerged in Turkestan at the beginning of the 20th century in modernizing education, shaping national identity, and developing ideas of social progress. School reforms, new educational literature, press activities, and views on national issues promoted by the Jadid and reformist intelligentsia serve as an important theoretical source for today’s spiritual and educational policy. Reformism in Turkestan is considered not only as an educational phenomenon but also as a complex process closely connected with national consciousness, cultural awakening, and political thinking. It is substantiated that the reform movement gave a strong impetus to the formation of modern education, national unity, and social activity in Turkestan.
THE ROLE OF MODERN PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING THE TOPIC “UZBEK STATEHOOD AND SOCIO-POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL LIFE IN THE 5TH–12TH CENTURIES”
This article analyzes the role of modern pedagogical technologies—such as project-based learning, flipped classroom, gamification, digital resources, and interactive methods—in teaching students about the statehood, socio-political system, economic development, and cultural progress of the states that ruled in Central Asia (modern Uzbekistan) during the 5th–12th centuries (Hephtalites, Tahirids, Samanids, Karakhanids, Ghaznavids, etc.). The research findings show that modern technologies, compared to traditional teaching methods, can increase students’ historical thinking, critical thinking, and sense of national pride by 30–50%. The article is enriched with practical recommendations and examples for educators.
THE ROLE OF MODERN PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING THE TOPIC OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE JADIDIST MOVEMENT IN TURKESTAN
This article provides information about the role of modern pedagogical technologies in teaching the topic of the emergence of the Jadid movement in Turkestan. In addition, the types of modern pedagogical technologies and their significance in the education system are also considered. The most famous quotes of our great ancestors, the Jadids, are also discussed. In this study, along with traditional teaching methods, the importance of such methods as FSMU, SWOT analysis, Venn diagram, and digital storytelling is highlighted. Also, the methods of instilling the enlightenment ideas of our Jadid ancestors through modern approaches, studying their historical heritage based on analytical and critical thinking described. Information is provided on explaining each topic using animation, video clips, digital storytelling, and several other modern pedagogical technologies and increasing students' interest in further learning.
This article studies the development of Jadid printing in Turkestan at the beginning of the 20th century, in particular the activities of the lithography-typography “Matbaai Is'hoqiya” (1908–1917) founded by Is'hoqkhon tora Ibrat in the Fergana Valley (Namangan). Ibrat's bringing lithography equipment from Orenburg, converting a bathhouse into a printing house with the help of local residents, his first publications (“San'ati Ibrat kalami Mirrajab Bandiy” and others), his collaboration with Tatar intellectuals (Husayn Makaev, Abdurauf Shahidiy), the publication of the newspapers “Ferg'ona Sahibi” and “Ferg'ona Nidosi” and their fate after the October Revolution are discussed in detail. It is emphasized that the printing house played an important role in promoting the ideas of enlightenment and national revival by distributing books and periodicals in national languages. In the history of Turkestan printing, the specific aspects of the political, economic and cultural activities of the Jadids are shown on the example of Namangan.
THE DISSOLUTION OF THE BUKHARA EMIRATE AND THE FIGHT AGAINST THE SOVIET ARMY
This thesis presents a comprehensive historical analysis of the fall of the Bukhara Emirate and the armed resistance movement against Soviet forces during the period of 1918–1926. The study examines the military-tactical aspects of the Red Army's Bukhara Operation of 1920, the organizational structure, leadership, and geography of the Basmachi movement, and the Soviet suppression policies and their consequences. Employing historical-descriptive, comparative, and postcolonial methodological frameworks, the research demonstrates the limitations of both Soviet-era interpretations — which characterized the movement as a reactionary uprising — and oversimplified post-Soviet narratives that frame it exclusively as a national liberation struggle. Findings indicate that the movement comprised an intertwined complex of national, religious, social, and political motivations, with peasant participation playing a more significant role than traditionally acknowledged. The thesis establishes a scholarly foundation for future monographic research drawing on archival materials from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and British colonial records.
THE FORMATION OF EMPIRICAL METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF CENTRAL ASIAN SCIENTISTS IN THE 9TH–12TH CENTURIES
Within the framework of the Islamic Golden Age of the 9th-12th centuries, scholars of Central Asia (Movarounnahr and Khorezm) played an important role in the development of the empirical style and methods of experience in scientific thought. During this period, thinkers such as Abu Rayhan Beruni (973-1048) and Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037) enriched the theoretical approaches derived from Aristotle's philosophy with practical observations and experiments. When measuring the Earth's radius, Beruni used trigonometry and empirical experiments on the mountain horizon, developed experimental methods based on equilibrium and water volume to determine the density of matter, and also analyzed astronomical phenomena through precise observations. In his work "The Canon of Medicine" (Al-Qanun fi at-tibb), Ibn Sina systematized the principles of experimentation (tajribah) for evaluating the efficacy of medicinal substances. By combining analogy with experimental trials, he emphasized the necessity of considering factors such as age, gender, dosage, and the state of the illness when determining a drug's potency. These approaches solidified the roots of empiricism in medieval Eastern science and later formed the basis for the European scientific revolution. This article compares the legacies of these scholars, illuminating the mechanisms behind the formation of the empirical method and its place in the history of dunyo science.
A MODERN APPROACH TO EDUCATION, HEALTHCARE, TOURISM, AND SPORTS IN NEW UZBEKISTAN (2017-2025)
This article analyzes the content, priority directions, and practical results of the modern approach that took shape in New Uzbekistan during 2017-2025 in the fields of education, healthcare, tourism, and sports. The study highlights the normative legal documents, concepts, institutional reforms, and renewed governance mechanisms adopted in these areas. It also reveals the social significance of measures aimed at developing human capital, improving service quality, advancing digitalization, expanding private sector participation, and upgrading regional infrastructure. The article assesses the role of these transformations in the development model of New Uzbekistan and their contribution to public welfare, healthy lifestyles, international attractiveness, and sustainable development.
BRONZE AGE MONUMENTS OF SOUTHERN UZBEKISTAN
The Southern region of Uzbekistan was one of the developed centers of ancient civilizations during the Bronze Age. In this period, the local population engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, and handicrafts. Archaeological excavations have revealed monuments such as Sopollitepa and Jarqoton, which provide important insights into the lifestyle, economic activities, and social structure of Bronze Age communities. The discovery of bronze weapons, pottery, and decorative items demonstrates the advanced craftsmanship of the period. Additionally, the findings indicate trade relations with other regions. Studying Bronze Age monuments also sheds light on social stratification, religious beliefs, and cultural life of the ancient societies. Research has clarified the significance of this region in the history of Central Asia. Preserving these monuments and transferring knowledge about them to future generations is considered a key responsibility of archaeological studies.
FAMINE IN TURKESTAN DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF SOVIET RULE AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST IT (THE 1920s)
This article analyzes, on the basis of historical sources and scholarly literature, the main causes of the famine that emerged in Turkestan during the early years of Soviet rule, its social consequences, and the measures undertaken to combat it. The food shortage of the 1920s was not merely the result of natural disasters, but rather a complex historical process closely connected with war, the disintegration of the economy, the policy of forced distribution, and administrative mistakes. The article also examines the relief measures implemented by the state, local structures, and the public within the framework of anti-famine efforts, as well as their capacities and limitations. In addition, it considers the profound impact of the famine on the demographic, economic, and spiritual life of Turkestan society.
HISTORY OF THE AMIR TIMUR ERA: ON THE EXAMPLE OF SCIENCE AND CULTURE
This article analyzes the historical processes that took place in Central Asia during the 14th–15th centuries, particularly the distinctive features of the development of science and culture during the era of Amir Timur. The state established by Amir Timur was not only strong politically and militarily, but also distinguished by its great attention to the development of science and culture. The article highlights the conditions created for scholars, the activities of madrasas and scientific centers, and the processes of cultural development during the Timurid period. In particular, the historical significance of this era is revealed through the example of the development of Samarkand as a scientific and cultural center. In addition, the rise of architecture, art, and literature during the Timurid period is scientifically analyzed. This period is considered one of the important stages in the development of science and culture in the history of Central Asia.
IMPROVING MECHANISMS FOR YOUTH EMPLOYMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
This article analyzes the issues of youth employment in the context of digital transformation and the rapid development of the digital economy. The study examines the structural changes occurring in the labor market due to the expansion of digital technologies, the emergence of new professions, and the growing importance of digital competencies for young specialists. Particular attention is given to institutional mechanisms aimed at improving youth employment policies, including the modernization of education systems, the development of digital skills, and the expansion of digital labor platforms. The research also highlights the role of innovation ecosystems and startup support programs in increasing youth participation in economic activities. Based on theoretical analysis and contemporary economic trends, several scientific and practical recommendations are proposed to improve mechanisms that facilitate the integration of young professionals into the labor market in the era of digital transformation.
FACTORS ENSURING ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE REGIONAL ECONOMY
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of ensuring ecological sustainability in the regional economy. The interrelationship between maintaining ecological balance, rational use of natural resources, and economic development is scientifically substantiated. In addition, the main factors contributing to sustainable development in the regional economy are studied, including environmental policy, innovative technologies, green investments, and institutional mechanisms. Based on the results of the research, it is concluded that improving economic mechanisms, ensuring efficient use of resources, and developing an environmental management system play a crucial role in ensuring ecological sustainability.
LINGUISTIC MECHANISMS AND ARTISTIC FUNCTIONS OF HUMOR IN THE WORK “SHUM BOLA”
This article explores the linguistic mechanisms and artistic functions of humor in Gafur Gulom’s “Shum Bola” (“The Naughty Boy”). The research focuses on how humor is constructed through various linguistic means, including lexical choices, syntactic structures, pragmatic strategies, and stylistic devices such as irony, exaggeration, wordplay, and situational contrast. Special attention is given to the interaction between verbal and situational comedy, which together create a multi-layered humorous effect. The analysis demonstrates that humor in “Shum Bola” is not merely an entertaining element but serves important artistic and social functions. It reflects cultural values, exposes social contradictions, and contributes to character development, particularly in portraying the protagonist’s worldview and behavior. Furthermore, the study highlights how humor enhances the narrative dynamics and engages the reader, making the text both expressive and memorable. The findings suggest that the linguistic realization of humor plays a crucial role in shaping the aesthetic and communicative impact of the literary work.
THE FUNCTION OF NATURE AS A REFLECTIVE SPACE OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA
This article analyzes the role of nature as a reflective space of human consciousness in Ernest Hemingway's novella The Old Man and the Sea. The study demonstrates that natural elements in the narrative function not merely as a setting but as an extension of the protagonist’s inner world. The research reveals that the interaction between the individual and nature creates a philosophical framework through which human thoughts, emotions, and identity are expressed.
PEDAGOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Vocational guidance plays a crucial role in shaping students’ future career paths, especially during high school when critical life decisions are made. This study examines the pedagogical and psychological characteristics of vocational guidance for high school students, focusing on cognitive, emotional, and social factors influencing career choice. The research analyzes modern approaches to career counseling, including student-centered strategies, psychological assessment tools, and competency-based education. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study evaluates the effectiveness of vocational guidance programs in improving students’ career awareness, motivation, and decision-making skills. The findings indicate that integrating pedagogical and psychological principles significantly enhances the quality of vocational guidance. Practical recommendations for educators and policymakers are provided.
MAHATMA GANDHI’S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: THE FORMATION AND PRACTICE OF THE THEORY OF NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE
This article analyzes Mahatma Gandhi’s political views, the core ideas formed during his political activity, and his role in the Indian independence movement. Gandhi’s principle of nonviolence (ahimsa) and the concept of satyagraha based on the power of truth are extensively discussed. Furthermore, Gandhi’s political philosophy and its influence on global political thought are examined from a scientific perspective. The findings suggest that Gandhi’s political ideas played a crucial role not only in India’s independence movement but also in civil movements across the world.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF “SOFT POWER” IN THE SOUTH KOREA’S FOREIGN POLICY IN CENTRAL ASIA
This section analyzes the effectiveness of South Korea’s soft power as a strategic tool in Central Asia, examining how cultural, educational, technological, and development initiatives influence bilateral and regional relations. Drawing on Joseph Nye’s theoretical framework, it evaluates instruments such as K-pop, Korean cinema, scholarships, technological partnerships, and aid programs. The analysis includes case studies and measurable outcomes, assessing impacts on public perception, diplomatic influence, trade, and policy alignment. Comparative insights highlight the advantages of soft power over traditional hard power approaches, demonstrating its role in achieving sustainable foreign policy objectives in a region influenced by competing global actors.
VERIFICATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF TEST METHODS IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE UNIFORM ELASTICITY OF METAL REINFORCEMENT BUILDING MATERIALS
This work covers the issues of verification of the implementation of test methods for determining the value of the relative uniform elongation (relative deformation) of metal reinforcement construction materials in laboratory conditions. The main purpose of the study is to assess the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel, in particular, the accuracy and reliability of deformation indicators during elongation, and to verify the repeatability and reproducibility of current standard test methods. In the work process, the stages of sample preparation, marking, dimensioning, and tensile testing are carried out in laboratory conditions in accordance with current regulatory documents, including the requirements of Uzbek DSt 1497 and GOST 12004. Tests are performed on universal testing machines, and load and relative elongation indicators are recorded using special measuring instruments. Obtained results statistic analysis average​​ value, variance and deviation indicators is determined.
Tugalov Babur Karshiboy ugli,Rajabov Sardor Jumaboy ugli
This in the article plastic of pipes their endurance, mechanical, thermal and chemical to the effects endurance analysis Modern​​ construction and engineering in the fields wide used​ polymer pipes, in particular polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based of pipes strength indicators, service deadline and exploitative features illuminating is given.
Tugalov Bobur Karshiboy ugli,Rajabov Sardor Jumaboy ugli
THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND TRANSFORMATIVE PRACTICES
Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the rapidly developing trends in higher education that has changed the teaching, learning, and academic communication pattern. Universities all over the world are actively implementing AI-based technologies into the learning settings to boost the effectiveness of the educational process, promote the personalisation of learning, as well as enhance the productivity of academic activities. Although AI tools are becoming increasingly common in the educational sector, there are few empirical studies on how students and teachers use and view these tools in their daily studies. The paper will examine the place of AI in higher education by qualitatively researching the insights and opinions of students regarding AI-aided learning tools. Based on a socio-technical theoretical approach, the study utilizes the mediation of AI in academic practices, knowledge-forming processes, and the agency formation and identity formation of learners.
USING INTERACTIVE TEACHING METHODS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION
Interactive teaching methods have become an essential component of modern special education because they promote active participation, individualized learning, and improved social interaction among students with diverse learning needs. Traditional teacher-centered instruction often fails to address the cognitive, emotional, and sensory differences of learners with disabilities. Interactive strategies such as collaborative learning, digital tools, role-playing, and problem-based tasks enable students to engage directly with learning materials and peers. Recent studies demonstrate that interactive environments improve academic performance, motivation, and communication skills among students with special educational needs.
Nortayeva Aziza Dilshod qizi,Usmanova Khadicha Bahodir qizi
IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN SPECIAL EDUCATION
Inclusive education has become a key priority in modern educational systems, aiming to provide equal learning opportunities for all students regardless of their physical, cognitive, or social differences. In special education contexts, improving the methodology of inclusive teaching is essential for addressing the diverse needs of learners with disabilities. This study explores effective strategies for improving inclusive education methodology in special education settings. It analyzes recent research on differentiated instruction, collaborative learning, and assistive technologies that support inclusive practices.
Kimsanboyeva Mukhlisa Avazbek qizi,Musayeva Nargiza Sayfullayevna
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PERSONALITY OF THE TEACHER IN FORMING A SENSE OF PATRIOTISM IN PRIMARY SCHOOL LITERACY CLASSES
This article analyzes the requirements for the personality of a teacher in forming a sense of patriotism during reading literacy lessons in primary school. It examines the moral and ethical qualities of the teacher, their professional qualifications, personal participation in the lesson, methodological competence, and emotional responsiveness. Based on observation, interviews, analysis, and experimental methods, the study substantiates the teacher’s leading role in patriotic education.
THE USE AND ANALYSIS OF PARENTHETICAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE NOVEL “HARRY POTTER AND THE PHILOSOPHER’S STONE” BY JOANNE KATHLEEN ROWLING
This article provides information about the use of parenthetical constructions in J.K. Rowling's work "Harry Potter and the philosopher’s stone", the syntactic analysis of sentences containing insertions, and their function in a sentence. At the same time, the use of insertions in the work is illustrated and analyzed with various examples.
ANALYSIS OF INFORMAL COMMUNICATION SITUATIONS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes informal communication situations in English and Uzbek from linguistic and pragmatic perspectives. It explores the language units used in informal speech, their social and cultural features, and the level of closeness between speakers. The similarities and differences between the two languages in informal communication are illustrated with examples.
METHODS OF DEVELOPING CREATIVITY IN TEACHING EMBROIDERY
This article analyzes effective methods for developing students’ creativity in the process of teaching embroidery. Embroidery is considered not only as a type of applied art but also as an important tool for forming aesthetic taste, imagination, and independent thinking. The article highlights the role of interactive methods, innovative pedagogical technologies, teaching based on national traditions, and practical activities. It also discusses the identification and development of students’ individual abilities and ways to increase their interest in embroidery by encouraging free creative expression.
GRAMMATICAL, SEMANTIC-STYLISTIC FORMATION OF ETHNOMYMS IN ANCIENT TURKISH INSTITUTIONS
This article analyzes the grammatical formation, semantic development and stylistic functions of ethnonyms found in ancient Turkic inscriptions. The use of ethnonyms in certain patterns is important in illuminating the history of the language, political processes and stages of the formation of ethnic identity. The research was conducted on the basis of ethnonyms in inscriptions such as the Orkhon-Enasoy inscriptions, “Bilga Qagan”, “Kul Tigin”, “Ongin Bitigi”, “Irq Bitigi”. The article analyzes the morphological indicators of ethnonyms, their semantic load, poetic-stylistic possibilities and contextual functions on a scientific basis.
STYLISH USE OF ANTONYMS IN RAUF PARFI'S POEMS
This article comprehensively analyzes the lexical-semantic properties of antonyms in the creative heritage of Rauf Parfi. The semantic relationships between words, in particular, the role of antonyms in speech, the mechanisms of their formation, types, and their contribution to the development of the literary language are widely covered. Based on examples, the stylistic richness of antonyms and the important role in the semantic system, the poet's skill in using antonyms are revealed.
Misliddinova Malika Kholbayevna,Mahmudova Ziyodaxon Gayratjon qizi
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN MODERN MEDICINE: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
This article analyzes the causes, development mechanisms, clinical features, complications, as well as modern methods of treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies show that insulin resistance, unhealthy diet, and sedentary lifestyle play a key role as the main contributing factors. The article also provides recommendations for early diagnosis and effective control of the disease.
REPRESENTATIONS OF GENDER PSYCHOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY DETECTIVE FICTION
This article examines how gender psychology is represented in modern detective fiction, comparing American and Uzbek narratives. Analyzed texts include American novels by Gillian Flynn, Sara Paretsky, Patricia Cornwell, and Don Winslow, and Uzbek works by Tohir Malik, Komil Sindarov, and Ulug‘bek Hamdam. Using qualitative narrative analysis and feminist/cognitive lenses, we analyze protagonists’ inner monologues, unreliable narration, trauma, and moral choices. Results show U.S. detectives often portray women as rational, autonomous agents with professional authority, whereas Uzbek detectives depict women through emotional, family-oriented, and moral frameworks. Narratively, American stories emphasize individualism and logic, while Uzbek stories stress collectivist values and intuition. This comparative study highlights convergences (shared psychological depth) and divergences (cultural gender norms).
AMIR HAYDAR AND AMIR HUSAYN: A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF SUCCESSION AND INTERNAL CONFLICTS IN THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA.
This article analyzes the socio-political situation in the Bukhara Emirate at the beginning of the 19th century, specifically the processes of power transition during the reign of the Manghit dynasty representatives — Amir Haydar (1800–1826) and his successor, Amir Husayn. The study highlights the centralization of Amir Haydar's administrative system, his measures aimed at strengthening the state apparatus, and the impact of these reforms on social tensions. The article explores the political instability that emerged in the Emirate after the death of Amir Haydar, the struggle for the throne, and the crisis during the short-lived reign of Amir Husayn.
THE ROLE OF PARENTHETICAL CLAUSES IN POLYCOMPONENT COMPOSITE SENTENCES
This article examines the role of parenthetical clauses (PCs) in the structure of polycomponential composite sentences within English discourse, focusing on their structural, semantic, and pragmatic functions. Parenthetical constructions are analyzed as integral elements that contribute not only to syntactic complexity but also to discourse organization and speaker subjectivity. The study is based on examples drawn from contemporary English literary texts, where parenthetical clauses frequently occur in interaction with multiple predicative units. The findings reveal that PCs function as discourse markers, modal operators, and expressive devices that enhance textual cohesion and communicative effectiveness. They serve to indicate information sources, express emotional and evaluative attitudes, organize discourse flow, and establish interaction between narrator and reader. The study also highlights the typological relevance of parenthetical constructions across English, Uzbek, and Russian, demonstrating their role as universal mechanisms for realizing subjective meaning in language.
CHILDREN WITH SPEECH DISORDERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
This article broadly covers the essence of the science of speech therapy, its role and importance in the system of correctional pedagogy. It analyzes the object, subject, purpose and main tasks of speech therapy on a scientific basis. The causes of speech disorders, their psychological, pedagogical and social impact are explained, the components of speech development and their interrelationships are revealed. Also, the integration of speech therapy with other disciplines, methods of identifying, diagnosing and correcting speech disorders, the importance of an integrated approach are substantiated. The article emphasizes the impact of speech disorders on the personal development, thinking and socialization of the child, and the importance of the principles of systematicity, development and individual approach in speech therapy activities.
DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ INFORMATION LITERACY COMPETENCIES THROUGH A CRITICAL APPROACH
This article explores how a critical approach contributes to the development of information culture among university students, clarifying its nature, structure, and educational significance. It also examines the processes involved in building students’ information literacy skills within a digital society and proposes a didactic model for fostering information culture grounded in critical thinking principles.
SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL RESILIENCE
Socio-environmental policy has emerged as a critical framework for addressing the interconnected challenges of environmental degradation and social inequality in the modern world. The increasing pressure on natural resources, combined with rapid urbanization and industrialization, has intensified the need for policies that simultaneously promote ecological sustainability and social well-being. This study aims to examine the theoretical foundations, structural components, and practical implications of socio-environmental policy within the context of sustainable development. The research is based on a qualitative methodological approach, incorporating literature review, comparative policy analysis, and conceptual synthesis. The findings indicate that effective socio-environmental policy requires a multidimensional governance structure that integrates environmental regulation, economic incentives, and public participation. The study also reveals that policy success depends on institutional capacity, stakeholder engagement, and adaptive strategies in response to dynamic environmental challenges. The results contribute to the understanding of how integrated policy frameworks can enhance societal resilience and promote long-term sustainability. The study concludes that socio-environmental policy is not only a regulatory instrument but also a transformative mechanism for achieving balanced development.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES THAT DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF PROFESSIONAL FORMATION OF FUTURE TEACHERS
This study explores the development and improvement of pedagogical technologies that determine the level of professional formation of future teachers. The research analyzes modern educational approaches, including blended learning, simulation-based instruction, and digital assessment tools, and evaluates their impact on the formation of key professional competencies. The findings indicate that the integration of innovative pedagogical technologies enhances critical thinking, practical teaching skills, and reflective abilities among prospective teachers. At the same time, the effectiveness of these technologies depends on factors such as digital competence, institutional support, and technological infrastructure. The study emphasizes the importance of a systematic and competency-based approach to teacher education and provides recommendations for optimizing the use of pedagogical technologies in higher education.
Jo'rayeva Nigora Abdullayevna, Mamatov Dilmurod
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF UTERINE TUBES UNDER CONDITIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL HYPOKINESIA
This study investigates the comparative morphological and morphometric changes in uterine tubes under conditions of experimental hypokinesia. The uterine tubes play a crucial role in female reproductive function, ensuring the transport of gametes and early embryos. However, the influence of reduced physical activity on their structural organization remains insufficiently explored. In this research, experimental hypokinesia was induced, and histological as well as morphometric analyses were performed to evaluate structural alterations in the uterine tubes. The results revealed significant changes, including a decrease in epithelial height, disruption of ciliated cell distribution, and thinning of the muscular layer. Additionally, morphometric parameters such as luminal diameter and tissue thickness showed measurable variations compared to control conditions. These alterations suggest that hypokinesia negatively affects tubal function through mechanisms associated with impaired microcirculation, metabolic imbalance, and hormonal dysregulation. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining physical activity for reproductive health and provide new insights into the structural basis of reproductive dysfunction under hypokinetic conditions. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the relationship between lifestyle factors and female reproductive physiology and emphasizes the need for further multidisciplinary investigations.
THE NEED TO USE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
This article discusses the concept of emotional intelligence, its components, and the role of information technologies in its development. Emotional intelligence is a person's ability to understand their own emotions, communicate effectively with others, manage emotional states, and successfully establish social relationships. The article discusses the components of emotional intelligence, the factors influencing its development, and its role in social, personal, and professional life in society. It also analyzes the possibilities of forming students' emotional and social skills through the use of digital tools in the modern educational process. According to the analysis of the results, the effectiveness of information technologies in developing emotional intelligence is demonstrated.