Journal of Applied Science and Social Science
Article Submission Dates:- 2024-01-01 to 2024-01-25 Volume and Issue:- Volume 14 Issue 01 Current Impact Factor:- 2023: 6.537
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IMPACT OF MODERN LUBRICANTS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF GAS PISTON POWER PLANTS
This thesis examines the main types of modern lubricants used in gas piston power plants, their influence on friction processes, and their contribution to overall energy efficiency. Special attention is given to the advantages of synthetic and semi-synthetic lubricants, including their effects on operational reliability, maintenance intervals, and equipment lifespan. Practical examples and findings from recent technical literature are used to demonstrate how advanced lubrication technologies improve the performance and efficiency of gas engine power generation systems.
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DEVELOPING STUDENTS' PROGRAMMING COMPETENCY THROUGH GAME CREATION IN JAVASCRIPT
This thesis examines, from theoretical and methodological perspectives, the development of students' competencies in algorithmic thinking, problem-solving, and code writing through the creation of educational games in JavaScript. The principles of Game-Based Learning (GBL), the pedagogical potential of simple JavaScript games, and the ways to integrate them into the classroom are analyzed.
A COMPARATIVE-HISTORICAL AND ETYMOLOGICAL STUDY OF CERTAIN DEMONONYMS
This article explores the etymological origins and semantic development of the principal demonological terms used in the Qur’an and classical Islamic literature, namely Iblis, Shaytan, and Ifrit, from the perspective of comparative-historical linguistics. The research draws upon the studies of the orientalist scholar Arthur Jeffery and the Iranian linguist Mohammad Hasandoust to demonstrate that these lexemes are not purely Arabic in origin, but rather belong to a broader layer of borrowings derived from ancient Semitic languages (Hebrew, Aramaic, Ethiopic) and Indo-European traditions (Greek and Middle Persian). The article further examines the transformation of these terms into theological concepts within Islamic discourse and their later artistic reinterpretation in classical Eastern literature, particularly in the works of Nizami Ganjavi and Alisher Navoi
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR IMMEDIATE AND DELAYED IMPLANT PLACEMENT
In the contemporary era, timing has become a critical factor in implant therapy. “Time truly is everything”. The art lies in knowing when to accelerate treatment to meet patient requests and when to slow down to respect biological healing achieving the delicate balance between efficiency and predictability. The timing of implant placement following tooth extraction remains one of the most debated and clinically significant subjects in modern implant dentistry [1,2]. Immediate implant placement [Type I] and delayed implant placement [Type IV] each possess unique biological, esthetic, surgical, and prosthetic advantages and limitations. Selection of the optimal timing protocol requires careful evaluation of local anatomical conditions, soft and hard tissue quality, systemic patient-related factors, primary stability, infection status, and esthetic demands. Recent advances in digital implantology, guided bone regeneration, biomaterials, and prosthetically driven treatment planning have significantly improved the predictability of both immediate and delayed implant protocols. Nevertheless, inappropriate case selection remains a major cause of implant complications, peri-implant tissue collapse, esthetic failure, and long-term marginal bone loss. This review article presents a comprehensive and evidence-based analysis of the indications and contraindications for immediate and delayed implant placement, emphasizing biological principles, surgical considerations, clinical outcomes, esthetic parameters, risk assessment, and modern treatment protocols. The aim of this article is to get a deeper insight into the timing of the implantation as it is one of the key aspects to long-term treatment success.
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO TEACHING ALTERATION AND CHROMATICISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUSICAL LITERACY
This article explores innovative approaches to teaching alteration and chromaticism as important components in the development of musical literacy. The study emphasizes the significance of modern pedagogical technologies, interactive methods, and digital learning resources in improving students’ understanding of complex theoretical concepts in music education. Special attention is given to the role of alteration and chromaticism in developing harmonic thinking, musical analysis skills, and creative abilities. The article highlights effective strategies that help learners connect theoretical knowledge with practical musical activities.
THE ROLE OF RELATED TRIADS OF MODE IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ MUSICAL LISTENING SKILLS
This article explores the role of related triads of mode in developing students’ musical listening skills within the process of music education. The study analyzes the theoretical and practical significance of triads in improving harmonic perception, tonal awareness, and musical thinking. Special attention is given to the importance of combining theoretical knowledge with listening exercises, harmonic analysis, vocal and instrumental practice. The article highlights the effectiveness of interactive teaching methods, digital technologies, and creative activities in strengthening students’ ability to recognize harmonic structures and understand musical compositions. The systematic use of related triads contributes to the development of students’ auditory memory, analytical thinking, creativity, and professional musical competence.
FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY PATRIOTIC EDUCATION IN PRIMARY TRAINING TEACHERS BEFORE THE NEXT CALL
The article is justified by the fact that it provides information and understanding of the use of the content and organizational and methodological aspects of the re-examination of the preparation of youth for the defense of the Motherland.
XINGTAI MUSEUM (HEBEI PROVINCE, CHINA): MUSEUM MANAGEMENT, STATE FINANCING SYSTEM AND MODERN MODELS OF THE CULTURAL-CREATIVE ECONOMY
This article presents a comprehensive academic analysis of the Xingtai Museum located in Xingtai City, Hebei Province, China. The study examines the museum’s history, architectural features, exhibitions, visitor statistics for 2023, financing model, and cultural-creative product retail operations based on factual data. Xingtai Museum officially opened on 5 May 2023 and welcomed more than one million visitors during its first year of operation. As a state-funded institution with free admission, the museum operates within the framework of China’s public cultural policy. The article also provides scholarly information regarding the general financing system of Chinese museums and the cultural-creative economy (wenchuang).
THE PRAGMATIC TRANSMISSION OF CONNOTATIVE MEANING IN LITERARY TEXTS: SPEECH ACTS, PRESUPPOSITION AND THE FOUR-COMPONENT MODEL
This article analyses the pragmatic foundations on which connotative meaning is transmitted in English and Uzbek literary texts. It argues that connotation in literary discourse is shaped pragmatically within the communicative relationship among author, text and reader, and that it often arises not from encoded meaning but from the inference the reader draws on the basis of cooperation, context and shared knowledge. Drawing on the speech-act theory of Austin and Searle, the discourse-marker theory of Schiffrin, the relevance theory of Sperber and Wilson, and the presupposition theories of Karttunen and Stalnaker, the study identifies the pragmatic categories proposition, reference, explicature, inference, relevance and presupposition through which connotation is built. Applying Teliya's four-component model comprising emotive, evaluative, expressive and stylistic components to passages from Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, Hosseini's The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns, and Mitchell's Gone with the Wind, the article demonstrates that these components operate not in isolation but in interaction, with one usually dominant and the others auxiliary. It further shows that delayed perlocutionary effects and hybrid speech acts play an important role in the transmission of literary connotation.
THE FUTURE OF NAGORNO-KARABAKH: UNTIL THE 2030S GEOPOLITICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
This article analyzes the near future of the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which came under the full control of Azerbaijan in September 2023, focusing on demographic, economic, geopolitical, and cultural-historical changes up to the 2030s. The article is based on recent publications from the International Crisis Group, the European Parliament, the ICTJ (International Center for Transitional Justice), OC Media, EVN Report, and other leading research centers. Three main scenarios are considered: the signing of a peace treaty and stable integration; the continuation of the frozen conflict in a new form; and the resurgence of the risk of military conflict. The article demonstrates that while Azerbaijan's dominance in the region will strengthen in the 2030s, peace will remain fragile, and the issues surrounding the Armenian diaspora in Armenia and international law will remain unresolved.
INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS FOR THE PROTECTION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE
This article analyzes the international and national legal frameworks for the protection and development of intangible cultural heritage. The study examines the international legal instruments regulating this field, as well as the legislative framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In particular, it analyzes UNESCO conventions related to the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage, national normative legal acts, and the main directions of state policy in this area.
This study examines the role of the Pedagogical Council as a key component of educational governance and institutional development. The research analyzes its functions in collaborative decision-making, professional participation, curriculum improvement, quality assurance, and the implementation of educational reforms. A review of contemporary scientific literature indicates that effective Pedagogical Councils contribute significantly to educational quality by promoting shared leadership, professional collaboration, and evidence-based management practices. The study also highlights the council’s growing importance in supporting digital transformation and organizational adaptability within educational institutions. The findings demonstrate that active participation, transparent communication, and collective responsibility enhance the effectiveness of Pedagogical Councils and strengthen institutional performance. Consequently, the Pedagogical Council remains an essential mechanism for achieving sustainable educational development and improving teaching and learning outcomes in modern educational environments.
THE DIALECTICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANFREEDOMANDSOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
t. This article provides a philosophical analysis of the complex, complementary,and contradictory relationship between human freedom and social responsibility. It explainstheontological and ethical layers of freedom, the mechanisms through which responsibilityisformed via normative and social institutions, and their dialectical unity andconflictingtendencies. The paper presents Eastern and Western philosophical traditions, views of classicaland modern authors, as well as contemporary approaches to the issue in the context of digitalsociety, ecological crisis, and intercultural dialogue. Directions for strengthening thebalanceoffreedom and responsibility in the context of Uzbek society are proposed.
TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
The rapid development of electric vehicles has become one of the most important technological transformations in the modern automotive industry. The transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles is being driven by the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve urban air quality, decrease dependence on petroleum fuels, and introduce more efficient transport technologies. This article presents a technical and environmental analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles. The study examines the main structural differences between electric vehicles and conventional vehicles, including the role of the traction battery, electric motor, power electronics, regenerative braking system, thermal management system, and charging equipment. The environmental advantages of electric vehicles are analyzed from the viewpoint of zero tailpipe emissions, higher energy efficiency, reduced urban noise, and the possibility of integrating transport with renewable energy systems. At the same time, the article discusses the limitations and disadvantages of electric vehicles, such as battery production emissions, dependence on the electricity generation mix, charging infrastructure requirements, driving range limitations, battery degradation, cold-weather performance reduction, recycling challenges, and critical mineral supply risks. The results show that electric vehicles have clear environmental and technical advantages over conventional internal combustion engine vehicles during operation, but their overall sustainability depends on the energy source used for charging, battery production technology, responsible raw material extraction, and end-of-life battery management. The article concludes that electric vehicles should be evaluated not only as individual vehicles but also as part of a wider transport-energy system that includes electricity generation, charging infrastructure, service networks, recycling systems, and state policy mechanisms.
THE LINGUISTIC COMPLEXITY OF HOMONYMY IN THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE
This study analyzes the extensive nature of the homonymy (dōon-igi-go) phenomenon in the Japanese language, exploring its phonological origins, the role of kanji (characters) and pitch accent in semantic disambiguation, and the cognitive mechanisms employed by speakers. Unlike Indo-European languages, it is a common and systematic occurrence in Japanese for a single phonetic sequence to correspond to dozens of distinct semantic units. The research reveals the conflict between phonetic economy and semantic clarity. The results indicate that the Japanese writing system, pitch accent, and computational linguistics algorithms in digital systems serve as the primary mechanisms for resolving ambiguities in speech.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE MANIFESTATION OF SELF-ACTUALIZATION AT DIFFERENT AGE PERIODS
This article extensively highlights the significance of self-actualization characteristics in individuals at different age stages, as well as the psychological views of foreign scholars and the essential aspects of self-actualization throughout life and activity. Furthermore, the paper presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a study conducted within the framework of examining differences in the manifestation of self-actualization levels among individuals of different ages.
"YULDASH MAMUTOV'S CREATIVE WORK AND HIS ROLE IN KARAKALPAK THEATER"
This article analyzes the work of Yuldash Mamutov, who played an important role in the development of the Karakalpak theater. The article highlights his acting and directing activities, the images he created on stage, and his contribution to musical and artistic performances. It is noted that Yu. Mamutov's creative heritage not only left a deep impression on the hearts of the audience, but also made a significant contribution to the formation of the professional school of the Karakalpak theater. His work was also highly appreciated by the government, and he was recognized as the first laureate of the Berdak State Prize. The article is useful as a scientific and artistic source that sheds light on Mamutov's place in the performing arts and the Karakalpak theater.
EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SIMULATIONS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION
In recent years, the integration of simulation-based learning strategies in medical education has gained substantial traction. This article explores the pedagogical and psychological properties of simulations, emphasizing their effectiveness in enhancing medical training outcomes. By examining various simulation modalities, this study highlights the importance of immersive, experiential learning environments that foster critical thinking, collaboration, and patient-centered care among medical professionals.
THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE CONTACT, BILINGUALISM, AND INTERFERENCE IN MODERN COMMUNICATIVE LINGUISTICS
The increasing intensity of intercultural communication, globalization processes, and multilingual interaction have significantly expanded the scope of research on language contact, bilingualism, and linguistic interference. Modern communicative linguistics views these phenomena not merely as structural features of language systems but as complex cognitive, social, and pragmatic processes emerging in multilingual communication. This article examines major theoretical approaches to language contact studies, analyzes contemporary interpretations of bilingualism, and explores interference as multidimensional phenomenon affecting linguistic behavior. Special attention is paid to communicative and cognitive perspectives that explain the interaction of linguistic systems in multilingual discourse. The study argues that interference should be regarded as a dynamic mechanism shaped by linguistic, cognitive, sociocultural, and pragmatic factors. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of language interaction in contemporary multilingual environments and provide a theoretical framework for further research on intercultural and institutional communication.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION AND DISPLACEMENT IN THE BOWDEN CABLE ASSEMBLY OF HAND-CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR DISABILITY-ADAPTED VEHICLES
Background: Bowden cable assemblies are the primary force-transmission components in mechanical hand-control systems for disability-adapted vehicles. Their structural integrity under operational loading is critical to road safety, yet no finite element study of this component in an adaptive driving context has previously been reported. Objective: To characterise the Von Mises stress distribution, nodal displacement profile, and reaction force distribution along a Bowden cable assembly under static operational loading using three-dimensional FEA. Methods: A 240 mm helically stranded Bowden cable (St3sp steel; E = 210 GPa; σ_y = 360 MPa) was modelled in Siemens NX. An axial tensile load of 120 N was applied at the free end; the opposite end was fully constrained. Elemental-nodal Von Mises stress, nodal displacement, and reaction force were extracted along the longitudinal cable path. Results: Maximum Von Mises stress was 242.01 MPa (min 63.08 MPa); safety factor n = 1.49. Along-path stress oscillated between 132 and 179 MPa, with peaks at inter-strand contact zones. Displacement decreased linearly from 0.223 mm to 0.010 mm (R² = 0.9997). Reaction forces were concentrated within the first 14 mm of anchorage (max 28.29 N). Fatigue safety factor (Goodman) was 1.82. Conclusion: The assembly is structurally adequate under maximum static loading. Identified inter-strand stress concentrations and anchorage reaction force localisation provide a quantitative basis for targeted design optimisation and adaptive vehicle component certification.
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN ENHANCING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
The rapid development of information and communication technologies has significantly transformed educational practices worldwide, particularly in the field of English Language Teaching (ELT). Technology provides innovative opportunities for language acquisition by facilitating interactive learning environments, personalized instruction, and increased learner engagement. This article examines the role of technology in enhancing English language teaching, highlighting various digital tools, pedagogical approaches, advantages, challenges, and future prospects. The study is based on an analysis of contemporary literature and educational practices. Findings indicate that technology integration improves language proficiency, motivation, communication skills, and learner autonomy. However, effective implementation requires adequate teacher training, technological infrastructure, and pedagogically sound instructional design.
COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING AND ITS IMPACT ON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has become one of the most influential approaches in English Language Teaching (ELT) over the past several decades. Unlike traditional methods that emphasize grammatical accuracy and rote memorization, CLT focuses on meaningful communication and the practical use of language in authentic contexts. This article examines the theoretical foundations, principles, implementation strategies, advantages, challenges, and impact of Communicative Language Teaching on English proficiency. Drawing upon contemporary research and pedagogical practices, the study highlights how CLT contributes to the development of learners’ communicative competence, fluency, confidence, and overall language proficiency. The findings suggest that CLT enhances students’ ability to use English effectively in real-life situations while promoting learner-centered instruction and active participation. Despite certain implementation challenges, CLT remains a highly effective approach for improving English language proficiency in diverse educational settings.
DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY PATRIOT EDUCATION THROUGH INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND MULTIMEDIA MEANS
This article examines the methodological and methodological foundations of the development of military-patriotic education among students of higher educational institutions in the conditions of today's intense information society, the age of digital technologies and various ideological and ideological struggles in the virtual space. The study sheds light on the mechanisms of systematic integration of modern information and communication technologies (ICT) and multimedia tools into the educational process, abandoning traditional teaching methods. The article analyzes the pedagogical potential of 3D audio-visual content, dynamic infographics, virtual museums, electronic maps and gamified special mobile applications in forming a sense of patriotism in students at the level of emotional and internal beliefs. Also, the issues of improving media literacy in students using digital tools and establishing strong digital ideological immunity against information attacks and manipulations, which are considered global threats of today, are pedagogically substantiated. At the end of the article, scientific and practical recommendations are presented on the development of a fully developed person with high intellectual potential and a truly patriotic citizen, capable of adequately protecting the national interests of the Republic of Uzbekistan in virtual and real spaces, in a digital educational environment.
CONCEPTOSPHERE OF MODERN RUSSIAN LINGUISTIC CONSCIOUSNESS
The article examines the conceptosphere of modern Russian linguistic consciousness as a system of concepts reflecting the national and cultural specificity of the worldview of Russian speakers. The study analyzes the main approaches to the investigation of concepts and the conceptosphere in contemporary linguistics and identifies the key concepts that determine the content of modern linguistic consciousness. Particular attention is paid to the influence of globalization, digitalization, and socio-cultural transformations on the changing structure of the Russian conceptosphere. The article concludes that the conceptosphere is dynamic in nature and capable of reflecting the current value orientations of society.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SPEECH GENRE “CONGRATULATIONS” IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly transformed contemporary communication practices and influenced the functioning of traditional speech genres. One of the most widespread genres in modern communication is the speech genre of congratulations. Digital platforms, including social networks and instant messaging applications, have changed the structure, linguistic features, and communicative functions of congratulatory messages. The present study examines the transformation of the speech genre “Congratulations” in the context of digital communication. The research focuses on the communicative characteristics, structural features, and sociolinguistic factors influencing congratulatory discourse in online environments. The findings demonstrate that digital communication promotes brevity, standardization, multimodality, and increased use of visual elements while preserving the social function of maintaining interpersonal relationships.
DEVELOPMENT OF ETHNOLINGUOCULTURAL COMPETENCE OF SCHOOL STUDENTS THROUGH GAME-BASED ACTIVITIES IN RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE LESSONS
The article examines the possibilities of using game-based activities in the process of developing the ethnolinguocultural competence of 5th-grade students during Russian as a Foreign Language lessons in Uzbek schools. The significance of the ethnocultural component in teaching Russian as a foreign language is analyzed, and the pedagogical potential of game technologies aimed at developing students’ linguistic, communicative, and cultural skills is revealed. Special attention is paid to didactic games as an effective means of increasing motivation to learn Russian, developing intercultural interaction, and fostering respectful attitudes toward another nation’s culture. The article provides examples of game-based tasks focused on studying Russian everyday life, traditions, and holidays.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE TRAINING OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED FOOTBALL PLAYERS
This paper presents an analysis of information technologies used in foreign professional football clubs. An analysis of the application of modern technologies in football teams in Uzbekistan is also provided. Proposals are made for revising the coaching training system using the latest technologies.
A MODEL FOR DEVELOPING PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS’ COMPETENCE IN INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF WEB PLATFORMS
This article refines the literature analysis and model for using web platforms in developing students' competence in lesson design, highlighting the methodology for their use.
THE IMPACT OF THE USE OF INTERACTIVE METHODS IN TEACHING HISTORY ON STUDENTS' LEARNING EFFICIENCY
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of using interactive methods in teaching history. In the modern education system, one of the important tasks is to develop students' independent thinking, in-depth analysis of historical events and phenomena, and the formation of a scientific approach to them. During the research, the impact of brainstorming, cluster, discussion, case study and other interactive methods on students' learning activities was studied.
THE IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE LESSON PLANNING IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Effective lesson planning is a fundamental component of successful English Language Teaching (ELT). It provides structure, direction, and coherence to classroom instruction, ensuring that learning objectives are clearly defined and achieved. This article examines the importance of effective lesson planning in ELT and its impact on teaching quality, learner engagement, classroom management, and language skill development. The study analyzes key elements of lesson planning, including objectives, materials, activities, assessment, and time management. It also discusses the role of lesson planning in supporting communicative language teaching and learner-centered education. The findings show that well-designed lesson plans enhance teaching efficiency, improve student motivation, and ensure systematic development of language skills. The article concludes that effective lesson planning is essential for achieving successful learning outcomes in English language education.
Kurbanbaev Djavod Aminbaevich, Reymova Myassar Jen’isbaevna
THEATER PEDAGOGY AS A CHALLENGE IN DEVELOPING CREATIVE THINKING
This article analyzes the role of theater pedagogy in developing the creative thinking of pupils and students within the modern educational system, alongside the challenges of its practical implementation. Today, transitioning from traditional teaching methods to learner-centered and interactive approaches remains a highly relevant issue. The paper highlights the potential of theater pedagogy, the methodological and psychological barriers encountered in the educational process, and ways to overcome them. The study concludes that integrating theatrical elements into the learning process enhances independent thinking, emotional intelligence, and overall creativity.
Annotation: This article discusses plant introduction, its importance in biodiversity conservation, scientific research conducted in Uzbekistan, and the methods of introduction. The ontogenesis, seed biology, morphological, and ecological adaptation characteristics of introduced plants are analyzed. In addition, the role of plant introduction in the cultivation of medicinal and economically valuable plants, expansion of cultivated areas, and creation of raw material resources is highlighted.
THE BENEFITS OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING PROCESS.
This article analyzes the effectiveness of using artificial intelligence technologies in English language lessons. The role of artificial intelligence tools in the language learning process, especially in the development of students' speaking and writing skills, is discussed. The article considers the advantages of using artificial intelligence in the English language learning process, such as automatic translation, detection of grammar and spelling errors, creation of individual educational approaches, and the effectiveness of interactive lessons. In addition, new methods and techniques for conducting lessons with the help of technologies are presented. The article expresses its views on the prospects for using artificial intelligence tools in English language learning and its role in the field of education.
Rajabova Husnora Bahriddin kizi , Charos Iriskulova
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF THE MULBERRY SILKWORM AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY INDICATORS OF COCOON YARN
The article systematically analyzes the biological development cycle of the mulberry silkworm, consisting of egg, larva, pupa and butterfly stages, and the technological factors of this cycle affecting the quality of the cocoon shell and cocoon thread. The study is based on a comparative-analytical generalization of data from two educational and methodological sources. The five-year development of the worm, four molts, incubation conditions, nutritional status and four stages of the cocoon winding process were evaluated as the main biological and technological factors shaping the quality of the cocoon.
METHODS OF ASSESSING SCIENTIFIC LITERACY OF PRIMARY STUDENTS
The theoretical foundations, modern methods and practical significance of assessing the scientific literacy of primary school students are highlighted. The role of international assessment programs, in particular TIMSS and PISA studies, in the formation of scientific literacy is analyzed. The effectiveness of assessment methods and innovative approaches used to determine students' knowledge, skills and competencies in natural sciences is also revealed.
FORENSIC DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF DERMATOGLYPHIC MARKERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES IN CHILDREN
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that commonly develops in childhood and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Early identification of individuals at risk remains a significant clinical challenge. Dermatoglyphics, the study of epidermal ridge patterns formed during early embryogenesis, has been proposed as a potential non-invasive biomarker reflecting prenatal developmental disturbances associated with T1D susceptibility. This review evaluates existing evidence on the relationship between dermatoglyphic markers and T1D in children, focusing on fingerprint patterns, ridge counts, and palmar parameters. Findings suggest that certain dermatoglyphic variations may be associated with T1D; however, results across studies are inconsistent due to methodological differences and population variability. While dermatoglyphic analysis shows promise as a supportive screening tool, it cannot currently be used as an independent diagnostic method. Further large-scale and standardized studies integrating genetic and immunological data are required to validate its forensic and clinical relevance.
APPLICATION OF LINEAR ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS IN TRANSPORT DEVICES AND ITS PROSPECTS IN UZBEKISTAN
Today, in the conditions of a market economy, the use of various electrical devices in various sectors of the national economy poses great challenges to specialists in the field of their development. Taking into account world experience, instead of traditional motors, which perform most of the work in industry and require a lot of electricity, linear motors are used in some sectors of the economy, which, in turn, are distinguished by their simple design and high efficiency. In particular, the prospects for using linear asynchronous motors in various sectors in Uzbekistan have been established and scientific and practical research is being conducted.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CROSS-CULTURAL BIOGRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF LOUISA MAY ALCOTT
This article examines cross-cultural biographical representations of Louisa May Alcott across five national traditions: the United States, Japan, South Korea, France, and Germany. Drawing on feminist life-writing theory, reception aesthetics, and world literature frameworks, it argues that biography operates as a form of ideological re-authoring rather than neutral historical reconstruction. Based on a purposively selected corpus of 32 biographical and critical texts (1889–2022), the study identifies three dominant representational paradigms: the domesticated moral exemplar, the feminist literary pioneer, and the transnational cultural commodity. Through comparative analysis, the article demonstrates how these paradigms restructure narrative causality, selectively foregrounding aspects of Alcott’s life in accordance with culturally specific gender norms, literary values, and institutional priorities. The study advances a methodological framework for comparative biography and contributes to debates in feminist criticism and transnational literary studies by reconceptualizing life-writing as a primary site of cultural negotiation within global literary systems.
WAYS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF PERSONNEL UTILIZATION IN THE ENTERPRISE: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND DIGITALIZATION
This article is devoted to the issues of increasing the efficiency of personnel utilization in a knitwear production enterprise using the example of "Boqiy Ravon Textile" LLC. The author analyzes the enterprise's economic indicators, personnel composition, and labor productivity for the period of 2023-2025 based on statistical data. The analysis identifies the following main problems: the low share of employees with higher education (7.3%), the shortage of trained workers (35%), staff turnover (8.0%), insufficient hourly labor productivity (39,000 UZS), and the increase in production costs from 85.8 thousand UZS to 101.4 thousand UZS. The article covers the theoretical and methodological foundations of the concept of personnel potential and provides a detailed description of its structural components: psychophysiological, qualification, personal, motivational, and social potential. The experience of foreign countries (Germany, Turkey, South Korea, Singapore) is analyzed, and ways to adapt them to Uzbek conditions are shown. The author develops practical proposals for improving staff qualifications through international experience and for digitalization and automation of production. The implementation of the proposed measures is expected to increase labor productivity by 25-30%, reduce production costs by 10-12%, decrease staff turnover from 8% to 5-6%, increase the share of employees with higher education from 7.3% to 10-12%, and increase the share of trained workers from 35% to 50-60%.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF THE COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COATED ELECTRODES ON THE QUALITY OF WELDED JOINTS
This article presents a scientific and technical analysis of the composition and physical-mechanical properties of coated electrodes and their influence on the quality of welded joints. During the study, the structural characteristics of the electrode core and coating layer, the metallurgical and technological properties of electrodes, the mechanisms of weld formation, and their operational performance were investigated. In addition, the effects of mineral and alloying components contained in the electrode coating on arc stability, weld quality, and the physical-mechanical properties of the weld metal were evaluated. Based on the research results, scientific principles for electrode selection in welding processes and technological recommendations aimed at improving quality indicators were developed.
DESIGN AND IMPROVEMENT OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY FOR A TRANSPORT RACK CONSTRUCTION FOR AUTOMOBILE DOORS
This article investigates the issues of designing and improving the manufacturing technology of a transport rack structure intended for transporting automobile doors to the assembly line in automotive manufacturing enterprises. A metal rack structure developed for Chevrolet Cobalt automobile doors was selected as the research object. During the study, the load-bearing characteristics of the structure, structural configuration, criteria for material selection, and welding technological parameters were analyzed. As a result, a structural solution adapted to production logistics was developed, which reduces door deformation during production, increases transportation efficiency, and improves handling reliability.
DEVELOPING EDUCATIONAL SERVICE BRANDS THROUGH ADVERTISING TEXTS
This article examines the importance of advertising texts in the formation and development of educational service brands. The study analyzes the role of marketing communications in the activities of educational institutions, the mechanisms through which advertising texts influence target audiences, and their contribution to enhancing the competitiveness of educational services. The theoretical and practical aspects of creating effective advertising texts are discussed, and recommendations for educational organizations are proposed.
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES IN MODERN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION (A CASE STUDY OF PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES)
This paper analyzes advanced international practices in modern bridge construction, focusing on the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies and innovative welding methodologies for high-strength steel structures. Within the scope of this study, the creation of digital twins at the LOD 300-400 level, geometric Clash Detection, and 4D/5D modeling for time and cost optimization in pedestrian bridge design are evaluated. Furthermore, the paper investigates the metallurgical characteristics of structural steel alloys and provides a comparative analysis of industrial welding techniques, including SAW, GMAW, FCAW, and MMA, along with non-destructive testing (NDT) methods such as ultrasonic (UT) and radiographic testing.Keywords: BIM, Tekla Structures, Digital Twin, 4D/5D Modeling, Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Clash Detection.
FORMATION OF AESTHETIC AND COMMUNICATIVE LITERACY IN ACADEMIC LYCEUM STUDENTS THROUGH LINGUOPOETIC ANALYSIS OF LITERARY TEXTS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF WORKS BY ABDULLA QODIRIY AND UTKIR HOSHIMOV).
This article investigates the problems of enhancing the aesthetic and communicative literacy of academic lyceum students within native language education. The primary objective of the research is to develop and experimentally substantiate a methodology for developing students' linguistic competencies through the linguopoetic analysis of literary texts, specifically focusing on the masterpieces of Abdulla Qodiriy and Utkir Hoshimov. Comparative-typological, component, and experimental-pedagogical methods were employed throughout the study. The results demonstrate that shifting from a traditional, grammar-centric approach to structured linguopoetic text analysis significantly advances students' communicative proficiency and aesthetic perception. The conclusions of this paper possess substantial practical value for designing native language textbooks and pedagogical manuals tailored for academic lyceums.
THE ROLE OF MEDIA TEXTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CORPUS LINGUISTICS
The availability of real language data from diverse sources has been intimately linked to the growth of corpus linguistics. Because of their accessibility, diversity, and depiction of modern language use, media texts have been especially important among these sources. The creation and growth of language corpora is facilitated by the abundance of linguistic content found in newspapers, periodicals, television shows, online news portals, and social media platforms. This study explores the importance of media texts to linguistic research and their influence in the development of corpus linguistics. The study examines academic publications on corpus linguistics, media discourse, and corpus-based language studies using a qualitative literature review methodology. The results show that media texts have encouraged breakthroughs in computer linguistics and natural language processing, improved research on language variety and change, and made it easier to create massive electronic corpora. The study comes to the conclusion that media texts continue to have a significant impact on the advancement of corpus-based approaches and are still among the most valuable resources for corpus construction.
CREATING AND IMPLEMENTING AN INTEGRATIVE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES BASED ON CDIO PRINCIPLES
This article addresses the creation and implementation of an integrative educational environment in technical higher education institutions based on the CDIO (Conceive, Design, Implement, Operate) principles. It analyzes methods for ensuring the harmony of theoretical knowledge, practical training, and project-based activities in the educational process. Each stage of the CDIO cycle (Conceive, Design, Implement, Operate) is substantiated in connection with pedagogical and technological approaches to develop students' professional competencies. Furthermore, the stages of implementing the integrative educational environment into practice and criteria for its effectiveness are proposed.
ПРЕПОДАВАНИЕ ТЕМЫ ВНЕДРЕНИЯ КОЛОНИАЛЬНОГО МЕТОДА УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ В ТУРКЕСТАНЕ ЧЕРЕЗ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ДЕНЕЖНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ И ЦЕН
В статье рассматриваются методические возможности преподавания темы внедрения колониального метода управления Российской империи в Туркестане через анализ денежных отношений, торговли и ценовой динамики. Особое внимание уделяется тому, что денежная система и ценообразование позволяют показать не только административно - политические изменения, но и глубинные экономические последствия колониальной политики. Изучение курса монет, товарных цен, налогов, торговых связей и натурального обмена помогает студентам понять, каким образом Российская империя включала Туркестан в общеимперское экономическое пространство. Предлагается использовать проблемное обучение, работу с историческими источниками, сравнительный анализ и элементы историко-экономического подхода.
Пустовая Елена Сергеевна,Зайнабидинова Зебо Мадаминовна
ISSUES OF ENHANCING THE ACTIVITIES OF JUDICIAL AND INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES IN THE UZBEK SSR
This article examines the measures implemented in the Uzbek SSR between 1968 and 1975 to improve the activities of internal affairs bodies, strengthen the investigative system, and enhance the fight against crime. Based on archival documents, the study analyzes structural reforms within the internal affairs system, the expansion of investigative units, trends in criminal activity, preventive measures aimed at reducing juvenile delinquency, and efforts to improve the effectiveness of judicial and law-enforcement institutions. Particular attention is paid to the Namangan region, where crime statistics, challenges encountered in investigative practice, and measures undertaken to address these issues are assessed from a historical perspective. The article also highlights the role of preventive policies and institutional reforms in maintaining public order and strengthening the law-enforcement system during the period under study.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENCLAVES AND EXCLAVES ON LOCAL POPULATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF TRANSBOUNDARY REGIONS
This study examines how enclave and exclave geography affects the socio-economic conditions of local populations. It highlights how territorial isolation and border restrictions create challenges in trade, mobility, employment, and access to essential services. Through a comparative analysis of transboundary regions, the research shows that enclave residents often experience higher living costs and fewer economic opportunities. The study also suggests solutions such as soft-border policies and regional economic cooperation to reduce the negative effects of fragmented territories and improve regional development.
SLANG IN CONTEXT: PRAGMATIC FUNCTIONS, SITUATIONAL CONSTRAINTS AND SOCIAL IDENTITY IN CONTEMPORARY COMMUNICATION
Slang represents one of the most dynamic, socially embedded, and pragmatically rich strata of natural language. Despite its informal register, slang performs critical communicative functions that formal lexical layers cannot replicate, including identity negotiation, affective amplification, in-group signaling, and economy of expression. This paper examines the situational determinants of slang usage through a sociopragmatic lens, drawing on Dell Hymes’ (1972) SPEAKING model as an analytical framework for mapping contextual variables to linguistic choices. Through a review of empirical attitudinal data and discourse analysis of authentic speech events across formal, informal, and digitally mediated contexts, the study demonstrates that slang is not a mere deviation from standard norms but a functionally motivated, context-sensitive register governed by nuanced social constraints. Findings indicate that 94% of American English speakers use slang in some form, with over half integrating it into the majority of their daily interactions, yet 97% recognize its unsuitability in high-stakes formal settings. The paper discusses re-evaluation of slang’s status in linguistic theory and pedagogical practice, situating it as an indispensable component of communicative competence.
THE INTERPRETATION OF DIVINE LOVE IN ROQIM’S POETRY
Annotation: This article examines the interpretation of divine love in the poetry of Roqim, one of the prominent representatives of classical Uzbek literature. It demonstrates that, in Roqim’s poetry, love is not merely an earthly emotion but a sacred force leading the seeker toward spiritual enlightenment and union with the Truth. Through textual analysis, the research highlights the poet’s contribution to the development of the tradition of divine-love poetry in Uzbek classical literature and reveals the humanistic and moral values embedded in his lyrical heritage.
COHESION AND COHERENCE IN ACADEMIC WRITING OF EFL STUDENTS
Abstract. Academic writing is one of the most important skills for students learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL). To produce effective academic texts, students need to understand and apply the principles of cohesion and coherence. Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical connections that link different parts of a text, while coherence refers to the logical organization and overall meaning of a written work. This article discusses the importance of cohesion and coherence in academic writing, common difficulties faced by EFL students, and strategies for improving these aspects of writing.
ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF AUTOMOTIVE SUSPENSION PERFORMANCE USING STABILITY, ROAD ADHESION, ENERGY ABSORPTION AND COMFORT INDICATORS
This paper presents an IMRAD-based analytical evaluation of automotive suspension system performance using four comparative indicators: stability coefficient, road adhesion coefficient, energy absorption capacity and ride comfort score. The study focuses on three suspension layouts: independent suspension, semi-independent suspension and rigid axle suspension. The analysis is based on a structured technical assessment of suspension elements, dynamic response to road irregularities, energy absorption through elastic and damping components, and the influence of suspension layout on vehicle safety and comfort. The results show that the independent suspension has the highest overall performance, with a stability coefficient of 0.85, road adhesion coefficient of 0.90, energy absorption of 75% and comfort score of 9 out of 10. The semi-independent suspension provides an intermediate solution, while the rigid axle suspension demonstrates lower comfort and dynamic adaptability but remains useful where simplicity, strength and load capacity are required. The article expands the initial material into a complete academic format and provides practical recommendations for design selection and service optimization.
FORMATION AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS IN THE UZBEK SSR
Abstract. This article provides a scientific analysis of the formation and historical development of sports in the Uzbek SSR. The study examines the emergence of the physical education and sports system, its institutionalization within the framework of state policy, the development of the mass sports movement, and the achievement of high-level sports results. It also analyzes the activities of sports societies, the establishment of sports infrastructure, and the system of training sports specialists. The article evaluates the socio-political significance of sports and its role in the life of the republic.
PEDAGOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS
Abstract: This article highlights that the quality of education, students' cognitive activity, the level of independent thinking, and the overall productivity of the lesson process largely depend on the methodical tools a pedagogue uses, how they organize the educational process, and how they establish pedagogical cooperation with students. From this point of view, interactive methods and modern pedagogical technologies emerge as one of the most important practical pillars for enhancing pedagogical skills. Modern pedagogical technologies also expand the pedagogue's capability to implement an individual approach.
RESEARCHING ON THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE REDUCING AGENTS IN THE RECYCLING OF WASTE CONTAINING OXIDIZED COPPER COMPOUNDS
Abstract. This study investigated the potential of using waste tire scrap as a reducing agent in copper slag recycling. The role of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur, which are formed as a result of thermal decomposition of rubber materials at high temperatures, in the reduction of magnetite and copper oxides was analyzed. The experiments showed that the bulk oxidation rate of rubber scrap is higher than that of brown coal. It was also shown that the use of waste tire scrap reduces the amount of magnetite in the slag and accelerates the transition of copper to the matte phase.
Mutalibxonov Saida’loxon Saidolimxonovich
THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVING THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF HIGH-VOLTAGE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES
Abstract. This article analyzes the scientific and technical foundations for improving the structural design of high-voltage overhead transmission lines. During the study, the main structural factors affecting the operational reliability of high-voltage electric transmission networks, support tower structures, material selection criteria, and technological stages of manufacturing were investigated. Particular attention was given to evaluating the influence of using welded steel support structures on mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and economic efficiency. In addition, wind loads, icing effects, geometric parameters, and structural configurations of support towers were analyzed, and improved solutions aimed at increasing the stability and reliability of power transmission systems were substantiated. Based on the research findings, scientific and practical recommendations were developed to optimize the structural elements of high-voltage overhead transmission lines, reduce metal consumption, and extend service life.
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF FLUXES FOR SURFACING TRAVELING WHEELS OF OVERHEAD CRANES
Abstract: The article deals with the issue of surfacing under the ceramic flux of the wheels of overhead cranes. Worn parts cause the machines to work with a deviation from the specified parameters, reduce the efficiency of the machines, lead to the emergence of additional load units of the machines, due to which it leads to a deterioration in the working conditions and weakening of the mechanisms of the machines. To prevent these shortcomings of worn parts, submerged arc surfacing is used in place of replacement with new ones, which is economically beneficial.
CONCEPTUALANDTHEORETICALFRAMEWORKSOFMASSCUSTOMIZATIN WITHIN THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR
Abstract. This study systematically analyzes the theoretical foundations of the Mass Customization (MC) concept within the automotive industry, identifies its evolutionary development stages, and scientifically substantiates its implementation mechanisms. The research employs methods of theoretical analysis, content analysis, and comparative analysis. Based on a systematic literature review, 45 scientific sources spanning the years 1987–2025 were analyzed. Four core models of Mass Customization (collaborative, cosmetic, adaptive, and transparent) were typologized within the automotive context. Empirical examples demonstrate that modular architecture and postponed differentiation constitute the primary success factors. Implementing a Mass Customization strategy allows automakers to increase customer value by 32–45%, though it simultaneously demands robust complexity management systems.
PEDAGOGICAL MANAGEMENT AS A FOUNDATION FOR QUALITY EDUCATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE
Abstract: This article examines the concept of pedagogical management as a key instrument for improving the quality of education in higher educational institutions. The study analyzes theoretical foundations of pedagogical management, its structural components, and practical implementation mechanisms. The article explores the relationship between effective educational management and student academic outcomes, teacher professional development, and institutional performance. Research findings suggest that integrating management principles into pedagogical practice significantly enhances learning environments and promotes sustainable educational quality. The paper also presents recommendations for applying pedagogical management tools in the context of Uzbekistan's ongoing educational reforms.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
Abstract: The rapid development of information technologies and the increasing complexity of modern society require individuals to possess advanced cognitive skills that enable them to evaluate information critically, solve problems effectively, and make rational decisions. Among various school subjects, mathematics occupies a unique position in fostering critical thinking because it develops logical reasoning, analytical abilities, evidence-based judgment, and systematic problem-solving skills. This article examines the relationship between mathematics education and critical thinking development among students. The study analyzes theoretical foundations, contemporary educational approaches, and international educational trends that emphasize mathematical literacy as a key component of twenty-first-century competencies. The article also discusses the role of mathematical reasoning, proof, modeling, and problem-solving in cultivating critical thinking. Furthermore, statistical data from international assessments are presented to demonstrate the importance of mathematical competence in educational achievement and future professional success. The findings indicate that mathematics serves not only as a tool for numerical calculations but also as a powerful instrument for developing intellectual independence and reflective thinking.
THE IMAGERY OF FORTY WARRIORS IN THE "GOROGLY" EPIC SERIES
The article discusses the history, composition, interpretations, and semantics of the "forty young warriors" (qirq yigit) imagery in the "Gorogly" epic series, as well as their functional role within the narrative. Particular attention is paid to the position of the forty warriors within the system of other traditional epic characters.
USING LEARNER CORPORA TO HELP STUDENTS IDENTIFY THEIR OWN FOSSILIZED GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
Abstract. Fossilized grammatical errors remain one of the most persistent challenges in second language acquisition, particularly among advanced learners. Traditional corrective feedback methods often fail to eliminate these errors due to their entrenched nature. This paper explores the pedagogical potential of learner corpora as a tool for helping students identify, analyze, and correct their own fossilized grammatical errors. Drawing on corpus linguistics and interlanguage theory, the study proposes a learner-centered instructional model that integrates data-driven learning (DDL) with reflective grammar correction activities. The article argues that learner corpora enhance noticing, promote autonomy, and support long-term restructuring of interlanguage systems. A practical framework for classroom implementation is proposed, along with pedagogical implications for EFL/ESL writing instruction.
NEOLOGISM FORMATION THROUGH COMPOUND NOUNS IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Abstract. Digital communication has become one of the most productive environments for lexical innovation in contemporary English. One of the most significant mechanisms of neologism formation in this domain is compounding, particularly compound nouns. This article explores how compound nouns function as a primary linguistic strategy for creating neologisms in digital communication. It analyzes structural patterns, semantic motivations, and pragmatic functions of newly formed compounds in online discourse, including social media, messaging platforms, blogs, and internet-based professional communication. The study demonstrates that compound nouns reflect technological development, cultural shifts, and communicative efficiency, making them a central feature of modern lexical evolution.
LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT AND MECHANISMS FOR ANCHORING SOLVENCY IN REAL SECTOR ENTERPRISES
ABSTRACT. This article explores the corporate financial mechanisms of liquidity risk management and their structural role in anchoring the long-term solvency of real sector enterprises in Uzbekistan amid shifting economic cycles. The primary objective of the study is to evaluate current cash flow volatility patterns and to formulate adaptive asset-liability management (ALM) frameworks that protect industrial and agricultural enterprises from technical insolvency and structural defaults. Using methods of horizontal financial analysis, cash conversion cycle (CCC) modulations, and liquidity stress-testing models based on aggregate financial disclosure sheets of major corporate taxpayers, the research reveals a systemic tightening of operating liquid cushions. The empirical results demonstrate that prolonged working capital cycles and high inventory accumulation trends significantly disrupt the net cash flows of medium-sized industrial manufacturing enterprises, elevating short-term liquidity distress. To anchor sustainable corporate solvency, the article proposes a series of functional mechanisms, including the implementation of dynamic rolling cash forecasts, the optimization of working capital management through automated inventory-to-cash conversions, and the integration of structured corporate trade finance facilities within the national moliya-kredit architecture.
“METHODS OF CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT IN ENSURING THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS”
ABSTRACT. This article investigates the structured mechanisms of credit risk management and evaluates their direct, quantifiable impact on the overarching financial stability of commercial banks in Uzbekistan amidst ongoing macroeconomic adjustments. The main objective of the research is to analyze contemporary asset quality trends, particularly non-performing loan (NPL) dynamics, and to formulate strategic, forward-looking recommendations that reinforce banking liquidity and regulatory capital adequacy. Employing methods of systemic financial analysis, prudential ratio evaluations, and qualitative scenario stress-testing based on aggregate banking sector data provided by the Central Bank of Uzbekistan, the study identifies a tightening capital adequacy margin across the sector. The empirical findings reveal that while the national banking system maintains a resilient baseline, localized credit shocks within the retail micro-lending and cyclical corporate sectors significantly jeopardize the capital buffers of mid-sized commercial banks. To mitigate these vulnerabilities, the article concludes with actionable recommendations, emphasizing the transition to predictive cash-flow-based underwriting models, the utilization of counter-cyclical capital cushions, and the expansion of secondary debt markets for non-performing asset resolution.
DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING DIRECT TAX ADMINISTRATION AND EXPANDING THE BUDGET REVENUE BASE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
Abstract. This article examines the issues of digitalizing direct taxation mechanisms for both legal entities and individuals, improving tax administration, and consequently expanding the revenue base of the state budget under the conditions of the digital economy. The purpose of the study is to develop strategies to increase the collection rate of direct taxes and mitigate shadow economic activities through the implementation of digital technologies and intelligent data analytics systems. Utilizing methods of cross-analysis, economic statistics, grouping, and logical modeling, the article evaluates the efficiency of the Tax Committee's digital platforms and their impact on budget revenues. As a result of the study, reserves for expanding the corporate income tax and personal income tax bases under the integration of information systems were identified, and the mechanism for segmenting taxpayers based on risk levels was analyzed. In conclusion, proposals are formulated to ensure an equitable distribution of the tax burden and the sustainable optimization of budget revenues by developing digital tax administration.
Abstract: This article explores the etymological origins and semantic development of the principal demonological terms used in the Qur’an and classical Islamic literature, namely Iblis, Shaytan, and Ifrit, from the perspective of comparative-historical linguistics. The research draws upon the studies of the orientalist scholar Arthur Jeffery and the Iranian linguist Mohammad Hasandoust to demonstrate that these lexemes are not purely Arabic in origin, but rather belong to a broader layer of borrowings derived from ancient Semitic languages (Hebrew, Aramaic, Ethiopic) and Indo-European traditions (Greek and Middle Persian). The article further examines the transformation of these terms into theological concepts within Islamic discourse and their later artistic reinterpretation in classical Eastern literature, particularly in the works of Nizami Ganjavi and Alisher Navoi.
SEMANTIC MODELING OF DISEASE AND TREATMENT IN AI-BASED MEDICAL SYSTEMS
Abstract. Artificial intelligence in healthcare is often discussed as an algorithmic problem, yet its reliability depends just as strongly on how clinical meaning is represented. This mini-review examines how semantic modeling structures disease and treatment information for AI-based medical systems. A focused narrative synthesis of eight peer-reviewed publications published between 2004 and 2024 was conducted across four domains: terminology integration, logic-based clinical vocabularies, FHIR-based semantic structures, and EHR-derived knowledge graphs. The reviewed literature suggests that dependable medical AI requires more than data aggregation. It requires normalized concepts, typed relations, contextual qualifiers, and traceable provenance. From this synthesis, a four-layer schema emerged: concept normalization, relation modeling, clinical context, and governance. Systems built on these layers are more likely to support transportable prediction, explainable reasoning, and safer clinical deployment. Future work should extend semantic models beyond diagnosis coding toward richer treatment representations that capture intent, sequence, dosage, response, and uncertainty.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LANGUAGE TEACHING: ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES
Abstract: This article will discuss the role of AI in education along with its challenges and advantages to apply it. The technologies related to AI and helping to teach languages will also be discussed.
EFFECTS OF MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENTS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX L.) GROWN AS A SECONDARY CROP
Abstract. This article analyzes the findings of international and local researchers regarding the effects of macro- and micronutrients on the growth, development, and productivity of soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivated as a secondary crop. Soybean is an important leguminous crop characterized by its high protein and oil content, and its productivity largely depends on the level of mineral nutrition. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium play a crucial role in the formation of vegetative and reproductive organs, while micronutrients such as boron, molybdenum, and zinc are essential for enhancing biological nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, and reproductive processes. The analysis of scientific literature indicates that the integrated application of macro- and micronutrients can significantly increase soybean yield and improve grain quality characteristics.
DEVELOPMENT OF METAL EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY FROM ABANDONED MINE WASTEWATER
Annotation. One of the most important environmental tasks is the treatment of wastewater from enterprises in various industrial sectors. Technologies for treating wastewater containing heavy metals allow for the creation of water treatment and water circulation systems for many industrial facilities. One of the processes for treating wastewater is ion flotation.
EXPERIENCE TEACHING VIRTUAL PHYSICS LABORATORY SIMULATIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Computerization of all levels, branches and areas of higher education today is a key issue for the research of all scientists in the world. An actual task is to organize a computer learning environment at the university in accordance with the needs of users. Part of this environment is virtual labs. In particular, an important issue is the conduct of laboratory work in physics. Thanks to the creation of virtual laboratory works, experiments are available to students that are not possible in the educational laboratory. The transition to a remote form of the educational process during the pandemic prepared all levels of education in Ukraine for work in war conditions. The article describes the experience of fully providing the course “Physics” with high-quality virtual laboratory work for students of technical specialties. The developed laboratory reproduces the actions of real experiments (selection of conditions and initial parameters, observation of the phenomenon, appropriate measurements and processing of results) of both traditional workshops and scientific research.
ANALYSIS OF EARLY FORMS OF THE NOVELLA IN FOLKLORE: TALE AND ANECDOTE
Abstract. This article examines the early folkloric origins of the novella genre based on the fundamental work of Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinsky, “The Historical Poetics of the Novella” (1990). Particular attention is paid to the analysis of two primary folkloric forms: the novellistic tale and the anecdote. In the context of the historical poetics of narrative genres, studying the transformation of the fairy tale into the novellistic tale and the structural features of the anecdote is of great importance. The paper discusses theoretical approaches to distinguishing between magical and novellistic tales and identifies the complementary relationship between the novellistic tale and the anecdote. The findings of the study may be used for further research in folklore, literary theory, and the historical development of short prose forms.
IMPACT OF STEEL GRINDING MEDIA–INDUCED IRON CONTAMINATION ON FLOTATION PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS ORES
Abstract: The influence of steel grinding media on flotation performance is strongly governed by iron contamination generated during wet milling. This study synthesizes experimental findings from six peer-reviewed investigations to evaluate how abrasion-, corrosion-, and precipitation-derived iron species alter pulp chemistry, mineral surface properties, and flotation responses across multiple ore types, including sulphide ores, scheelite, and PGM-bearing ores. Results demonstrate that steel grinding media significantly reduce pulp potentials (Eh) and dissolved oxygen (DO), promoting the formation of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ species and iron hydroxide coatings on mineral surfaces. SEM–EDS and XPS analyses consistently reveal extensive FeOOH and Fe(OH)₃ deposition, particularly on fine particle fractions, resulting in suppressed collector adsorption and decreased hydrophobicity. Comparative flotation data show that mild steel produces the lowest recoveries for chalcopyrite, scheelite, and PGM minerals, while ceramic and chromium-rich media substantially improve selectivity and overall recovery. Integrating these outcomes confirms that iron contamination is the dominant chemical mechanism reducing flotation efficiency in steel grinding environments, highlighting the need for optimized media selection to enhance metallurgical performance.